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Questions and Answers
What is the consequence of excess androgens in children?
What is the consequence of excess androgens in children?
- Reduced height in adulthood
- Tall stature as a child (correct)
- Prolonged growth spurts
- Increased bone density
What condition is characterized by short stature and obesity due to excess steroids?
What condition is characterized by short stature and obesity due to excess steroids?
- Hyperthyroidism
- Growth hormone excess
- Addison's disease
- Cushing syndrome (correct)
Which parameter is NOT used to monitor physical growth in children?
Which parameter is NOT used to monitor physical growth in children?
- Intelligence quotient (correct)
- Length or height
- Head circumference
- Weight
What does gross motor development encompass?
What does gross motor development encompass?
What does dental development primarily refer to?
What does dental development primarily refer to?
Which of the following factors can delay growth in children?
Which of the following factors can delay growth in children?
What is the primary distinction between growth and development?
What is the primary distinction between growth and development?
During which stage does maximum growth occur in fetal development?
During which stage does maximum growth occur in fetal development?
Which factor is least likely to affect fetal growth?
Which factor is least likely to affect fetal growth?
What is included in the development aspect during fetal growth?
What is included in the development aspect during fetal growth?
How long does the embryonic stage last?
How long does the embryonic stage last?
What are the two main aspects of fetal development mentioned?
What are the two main aspects of fetal development mentioned?
What is the duration of the fetal stage?
What is the duration of the fetal stage?
Which aspect is NOT a component of growth?
Which aspect is NOT a component of growth?
What is the average age of onset of puberty for boys in developed countries?
What is the average age of onset of puberty for boys in developed countries?
Which stage of breast development is characterized by the elevation of the papilla only?
Which stage of breast development is characterized by the elevation of the papilla only?
What is primarily responsible for the development of pubic hair during puberty?
What is primarily responsible for the development of pubic hair during puberty?
What physiological change marks the termination of the adolescent growth spurt?
What physiological change marks the termination of the adolescent growth spurt?
Which stage of pubic hair development is characterized by no pubic hair?
Which stage of pubic hair development is characterized by no pubic hair?
What is the significance of the 'silver beaten appearance' in cranial evaluation?
What is the significance of the 'silver beaten appearance' in cranial evaluation?
What hormonal factor primarily controls breast bud development?
What hormonal factor primarily controls breast bud development?
Which of the following factors does NOT influence the age of onset of puberty?
Which of the following factors does NOT influence the age of onset of puberty?
What developmental stage features axillary hair characterized as 'adult type'?
What developmental stage features axillary hair characterized as 'adult type'?
Which stage of sexual maturity in boys shows no pubic hair?
Which stage of sexual maturity in boys shows no pubic hair?
At which stage is there a further growth of the penis and dark pubic hair spreading over the junction of the pubis?
At which stage is there a further growth of the penis and dark pubic hair spreading over the junction of the pubis?
What characterizes precocious puberty?
What characterizes precocious puberty?
Which stage correlates with a testicular volume of 4 and sparse growth of pubic hair?
Which stage correlates with a testicular volume of 4 and sparse growth of pubic hair?
What is a common cause of gynecomastia during puberty?
What is a common cause of gynecomastia during puberty?
Which statement about Stage 5 of sexual maturity is correct?
Which statement about Stage 5 of sexual maturity is correct?
What is the primary characteristic of Stage 3 axillary hair development?
What is the primary characteristic of Stage 3 axillary hair development?
What does the variable 'Y' represent in the expression provided?
What does the variable 'Y' represent in the expression provided?
In the given expression, which symbol is used to denote a function relationship?
In the given expression, which symbol is used to denote a function relationship?
Which operation is implied by the presence of 'n' in the expression?
Which operation is implied by the presence of 'n' in the expression?
If 'X' is represented as '5', what would the outcome be if 'Y' equals '3'?
If 'X' is represented as '5', what would the outcome be if 'Y' equals '3'?
What is the purpose of defining variables such as 'X' and 'Y' in mathematical expressions?
What is the purpose of defining variables such as 'X' and 'Y' in mathematical expressions?
What does the notation 'v' typically indicate in mathematical contexts?
What does the notation 'v' typically indicate in mathematical contexts?
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Study Notes
Growth and Development
- Growth refers to the increase in mass and dimensions of the body, including weight, length, and head circumference.
- Development is the maturation of functions and acquisition of skills, encompassing motor, mental, and sexual development.
- Growth and development occur simultaneously.
Stages of Prenatal Development
- Embryonic stage lasts for the first 8 weeks.
- Fetal stage spans from the 9th to the 40th week, divided into early (9-24 weeks) and late (25-40 weeks):
- Maximum growth rate during this period accounts for 30% of adult height.
- Factors influencing growth include maternal and placental health, as well as fetal insulin levels.
Factors Affecting Growth
- Excess androgens can lead to tall stature in childhood but short stature in adulthood.
- Adrenal cortisol deficiency can result in failure to thrive and asthenia.
- Excess steroids cause short stature with obesity, seen in conditions such as Cushing syndrome.
- Poor living conditions such as inadequate housing and hygiene can hinder growth.
- Growth hormone deficiency has a significant impact on growth rates.
Monitoring Growth Parameters
- Key parameters: weight, length (or height after age 2), and head circumference are crucial for monitoring growth.
- Other parameters: body proportions, dentition (primary and secondary), vital signs (heart rate, respiratory rate), and bone age (assessed radiologically).
Motor and Mental Development
- Gross motor skills include milestones like sitting, standing, and walking.
- Fine motor skills involve hand and finger coordination.
- Mental development encompasses social skills and verbal communication.
Sexual Development
- Assesses the progression of puberty stages and the development of secondary sexual characteristics.
Physical Growth in Infants
- Normal birth weight ranges between 2.5 kg and 4 kg, with the average around 3 kg.
- MRI can help assess brain abnormalities (e.g., atrophy or calcifications).
Puberity Definition and Onset
- Puberty is marked by morphological and physiological changes; onset varies by genetic, racial, socioeconomic, and nutritional factors:
- Boys typically begin between ages 9-14; girls start between 8-13.
Adolescent Growth Spurt
- Characterized by an acceleration followed by deceleration of growth, culminating in epiphyseal fusion.
Stages of Sexual Maturity Rating in Girls
- Breast development progresses through five stages dictated by estrogen levels, from preadolescent to mature nipple contours.
- Pubic hair development proceeds through five stages, influenced by adrenal androgens.
Stages of Sexual Maturity Rating in Boys
- Testicular and penis growth correlates with pubic and axillary hair development under androgen control.
- Follows a five-stage progression from preadolescent to adult size and quantity of hair.
Disorders Related to Puberty
- Precocious puberty: onset before age 8 in girls or age 9 in boys.
- Types include normal variants (e.g., premature thelarche, which involves early breast development in girls without other signs of puberty) and pubertal gynecomastia in boys, common during puberty.
Summary of Key Points
- Growth and development are interlinked and multifaceted.
- Stages of development can be monitored through various indicators.
- Understanding the shifts in physical, motor, mental, and sexual development is essential for recognizing normal progression and identifying potential disorders.
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