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Questions and Answers
What does growth refer to in the context of human development?
What does growth refer to in the context of human development?
- Increase in functional capacity of specialized tissues
- Growth patterns influenced solely by external factors
- Development of intellectual capabilities
- Increase in measurable physical size of the body (correct)
Which principle describes the sequence of growth from the head to the legs?
Which principle describes the sequence of growth from the head to the legs?
- General to specific direction
- Proximodistal direction
- Continuity principle
- Cephalocaudal direction (correct)
What does developmental differentiality indicate?
What does developmental differentiality indicate?
- Development is solely dependent on genetic factors
- Development occurs in a linear fashion across all ages
- Individuals differ in their rate of growth and development (correct)
- All individuals develop at the same pace
Which term describes the principle that growth and development follow a predictable pattern?
Which term describes the principle that growth and development follow a predictable pattern?
Which factor is NOT considered a prenatal influence on growth and development?
Which factor is NOT considered a prenatal influence on growth and development?
The principle stating that development proceeds from simple concepts to more complex ones is known as?
The principle stating that development proceeds from simple concepts to more complex ones is known as?
Which aspect of growth and development does the term 'continuity' refer to?
Which aspect of growth and development does the term 'continuity' refer to?
Which of the following factors does NOT influence growth and development?
Which of the following factors does NOT influence growth and development?
What is the defining characteristic of viability in fetuses?
What is the defining characteristic of viability in fetuses?
Which measurement is not typically used in assessing fetal size?
Which measurement is not typically used in assessing fetal size?
During which stage of prenatal growth does the embryo develop?
During which stage of prenatal growth does the embryo develop?
In postnatal growth, what age range defines the infancy period?
In postnatal growth, what age range defines the infancy period?
What is a significant cause of perinatal death?
What is a significant cause of perinatal death?
What is a key difference between growth and development?
What is a key difference between growth and development?
Which of the following factors does not affect growth?
Which of the following factors does not affect growth?
At what stage do children typically begin to experience early childhood?
At what stage do children typically begin to experience early childhood?
What is the primary purpose of embryonic induction?
What is the primary purpose of embryonic induction?
At what point does an embryo transition to being called a fetus?
At what point does an embryo transition to being called a fetus?
Which of the following occurs during the fetal period?
Which of the following occurs during the fetal period?
What measurements are commonly used to estimate fetal age?
What measurements are commonly used to estimate fetal age?
What is the significance of reaching approximately 2500 g in fetal development?
What is the significance of reaching approximately 2500 g in fetal development?
During which trimester can most major fetal anomalies be detected?
During which trimester can most major fetal anomalies be detected?
Which term is often confused with actual fetal age due to its association with the last normal menstrual period?
Which term is often confused with actual fetal age due to its association with the last normal menstrual period?
What characterizes periods of normal continuous growth during the fetal period?
What characterizes periods of normal continuous growth during the fetal period?
What is the primary purpose of gastrulation in embryonic development?
What is the primary purpose of gastrulation in embryonic development?
Which embryonic layer develops into the skin and nervous tissue?
Which embryonic layer develops into the skin and nervous tissue?
During which phase does the cleavage stage occur in embryonic development?
During which phase does the cleavage stage occur in embryonic development?
What structure forms from the morula in embryonic development?
What structure forms from the morula in embryonic development?
What is the significance of programmed cell death (apoptosis) in embryonic development?
What is the significance of programmed cell death (apoptosis) in embryonic development?
Which of the following factors is NOT a postnatal factor influencing growth?
Which of the following factors is NOT a postnatal factor influencing growth?
Which type of cell layer is formed from the endoderm during embryonic development?
Which type of cell layer is formed from the endoderm during embryonic development?
What is the main activity occurring during the cleavage phase of embryonic development?
What is the main activity occurring during the cleavage phase of embryonic development?
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Study Notes
Growth and Development Definitions
- Growth is the increase in physical size of the full body or parts of the body.
- Growth is measurable, observable, and occurs via multiplication of cells from fertilization to physical maturity.
- Development is the increase in functional capacity of specialized tissues.
- Development can be measured by monitoring functional maturation of the nervous system.
- Development also reflects intellectual, mental, and emotional skill acquisition.
Principles of Growth and Development
- Cephalocaudal Direction: Growth starts at the head and progresses down the body.
- Proximodistal Direction: Growth begins from the center of the body and moves outwards.
- General to Specific: Simple skills develop into complex ones.
- Differentiality: There is no uniform pace of development, it varies based on factors such as sex.
- Predictability: Growth and development follow a predictable pattern.
- Simple to Complex: Development moves from basic skills to more advanced skills.
- Continuity: Growth and development are continuous throughout life.
Influencing Factors of Growth and Development
- Genetic Factors: Inheritance patterns, family traits, and race play a role.
- Prenatal Factors: Maternal nutritional status, infections, substance use, illness, and hormones affect fetal development.
- Postnatal Factors: Growth potential, nutrition, health status, physical environment, psychological environment, cultural influences, and socio-economic status all contribute.
Early Embryonic Development
- Cleavage: Rapid cell divisions (mitosis) after fertilization leading to a multicellular embryo.
- Morula: A solid ball of cells.
- Blastula: A single layer of cells surrounding a fluid-filled cavity (blastocoel).
Other Embryonic Developmental Phases
- Gastrulation: Cells move inward and organize into three distinct layers:
- Ectoderm: Outer layer; differentiates into the skin and nervous tissue.
- Endoderm: Inner layer; differentiates into the lining of the digestive tract and associated organs.
- Mesoderm: Middle layer; differentiates into muscles, circulatory system, excretory system, and respiratory system in some animals.
Embryonic Induction
- Chemical signals from nearby cells induce differentiation of ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm.
- These signals activate specific genes, leading to the development of specific tissues and organs.
Stages of Fetal Growth and Development
- Transition from embryo to fetus occurs when a recognizable human form is attained and major systems have formed.
- The fetal period is characterized by rapid body growth and tissue differentiation.
- Fetal age can be estimated using measurements like crown-rump length, head circumference, femur length, and foot length.
- Viability (ability to survive outside the womb) is dependent on fetal weight.
Stages of Growth
- Prenatal Period: Divided into three stages: fertilized ovum (zygote), embryo, and fetus.
- Postnatal Period: Divided into stages based on age: neonate, infancy, early childhood, late childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, and late adulthood.
Growth vs. Development
- Growth: Quantitative, measured by size and shape changes.
- Development: Qualitative, involves changes in cognitive, social, and emotional abilities.
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