Gross Neuroanatomy
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Gross Neuroanatomy

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Questions and Answers

Which fluid bathes the entire surface of the central nervous system?

  • Cerebrospinal fluid (correct)
  • Mucus
  • Blood plasma
  • Lymphatic fluid
  • What is the function of CSF in terms of protection for the brain?

  • It acts as a shock absorber (correct)
  • It increases brain weight
  • It speeds up brain reactions
  • It enhances brain metabolism
  • Where is CSF secreted from within the brain?

  • Hippocampus
  • Medulla Oblongata
  • Cerebellum
  • Choroids Plexus (correct)
  • What role does CSF play in reducing the net weight of the brain?

    <p>Buoyancy effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one function of CSF related to waste removal?

    <p>Excretion of harmful substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does CSF serve as an endocrine medium for the brain?

    <p>Transporting hormones to other areas of the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outermost layer of the spinal cord and nerve roots called?

    <p>Dura mater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Arachnoid mater differ from the Dura mater?

    <p>It is thinner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nervous system is responsible for voluntary reactions to external stimuli affecting the body?

    <p>Somatic Nervous System (SNS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the Central Nervous System (CNS) play in nerve communication?

    <p>Receives information and initiates responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) allow the brain and spinal cord to do?

    <p>Send and receive information to and from the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is responsible for involuntary, automatic functions aiming to maintain normal body function?

    <p>Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of neuron originates in the brain and travels downward to connect with lower motor neurons?

    <p>Upper motor neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is used by upper motor neurons to transmit nerve impulses to lower motor neurons?

    <p>Glutamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the cell bodies of the lower motor neurons located?

    <p>Gray matter of the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuron carries information from brain centers that control the muscles of the body?

    <p>Upper motor neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of clinical dementia, including Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Neurofibrillary degeneration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease results from demyelination in the central nervous system (CNS)?

    <p>Multiple sclerosis (MS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do upper motor neurons originate?

    <p>Motor region of the brain stem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The entire surface of the central nervous system is bathed by a pink colorless/odorless fluid called cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The CSF is secreted from the Choroids Plexus, a vascular part outside the ventricles of the brain.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an average adult, the total volume of CSF is about 100 milliliters.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One function of CSF is to serve as an excretory medium for the brain, helping to remove waste products.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    CSF acts to increase the net weight of the brain by providing extra cushioning.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main function of CSF in terms of protection for the brain is to directly repair any damage caused by external impact.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The meninges is a system of membrane that only envelops the brain, not the spinal cord.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Arachnoid mater is thicker than the Dura mater.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Pia mater is the outermost layer of the meninges.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The brain has 12 pairs of cranial nerves.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The peripheral nervous system (PNS) branches beyond the spinal cord and brainstem.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) is voluntary and reacts to outside stimuli.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The PNS carries information only from the CNS to other areas of the body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nerves are not affected by internal or external factors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neurons communicate solely through electrical synapses.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Upper motor neurons are responsible for the stimulation of the muscle targeted as they carry information down to the final common pathway.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lower motor neurons receive impulses from the upper motor neurons and connect the spinal cord to the brain stem.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cell bodies of lower motor neurons are located in the neuraxis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Upper motor neurons form synapses with muscles in the body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lower motor neurons are classified according to the pathways they travel.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neural reactions to neurologic disease can lead to a specific structural change reflecting a specific effect of damage.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ischemia is characterized by the formation and clumping of neurofibrils in the CNS.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inclusion bodies are small deposits within nerve cells associated with neurofibrillary degeneration.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Demyelination leads to a breakdown in communication along the axon and between neurons.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a result of demyelination in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key neurotransmitters for the Basal Ganglia?

    <p>GABA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure supplies the Basal Ganglia with dopamine?

    <p>Substantia Nigra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptoms are associated with an imbalance between excitatory Acetylcholine and inhibitory Dopamine in the Basal Ganglia?

    <p>Tremors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the Globus Pallidus is subdivided into internus and externus parts?

    <p>Globus Pallidus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basal ganglia's role in motor control?

    <p>Fine-tuning planned movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main symptom associated with hypokinetic dysarthria related to Basal Ganglia circuit damage?

    <p>Reduced movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the basal ganglia?

    <p>Regulate muscle tone and control postural adjustments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a part of the basal ganglia?

    <p>Amygdala</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of the Globus Pallidus Externa in the basal ganglia?

    <p>Intermediary nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nuclei are part of the output nuclei in the basal ganglia?

    <p>Substantia Nigra and Globus Pallidus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following functions is NOT associated with the basal ganglia?

    <p>Sense of smell perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nuclei belong to the input nuclei category in the basal ganglia?

    <p>Corpus Striatum (Caudate, Putamen)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of the UMNs of the pyramidal system?

    <p>Transmitting discrete skilled movements to muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of damage to the UMNs of the extrapyramidal system?

    <p>Increased muscle tone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does spasticity in the vocal tract help ambulatory individuals walk longer?

    <p>It holds up the muscles, reducing fatigue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant effect of bilateral damage to the upper motor neuron tracts?

    <p>Increased muscle weakness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of spastic dysarthria, what needs to occur for it to manifest?

    <p>Bilateral damage to UMNs and both pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates Unilateral Upper Motor Neuron Dysarthria from spastic dysarthria?

    <p>The unilateral nature of the damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary responsibility of the cerebellum?

    <p>Processing sensory information and coordinating movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the cerebellum contribute to speech control?

    <p>By providing auditory and proprioceptive feedback for speech muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the relationship between the cerebellum and basal ganglia?

    <p>The cerebellum focuses on timing and accuracy, while the basal ganglia are responsible for planning and motor activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does the cerebellum contribute to learning physical skills?

    <p>By processing sensory information and integrating it into movement execution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function is NOT associated with the cerebellar control circuit?

    <p>Regulating heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a probable way the cerebellum influences speech?

    <p>By refining preliminary speech movements coordinated in the cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does damage to the cerebellum affect speech movements?

    <p>Impairs coordination of voluntary movements and timing of speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of 'cerebellar ataxia'?

    <p>Difficulty controlling range and direction of movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what aspect does the cerebellum play a role in speech movements?

    <p>Adjusting the timing and force of movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of 'intention tremors' associated with cerebellar damage?

    <p>Tremors worsen with voluntary movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes 'broad-based gait' as a symptom of cerebellar ataxia?

    <p>Abnormal stance with feet placed far apart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Motor speech disorders represent an insignificant proportion of communication disorders seen in medical speech-language practices.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The combined processes of speech motor planning, programming, and neuromuscular execution are referred to as motor speech processes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Upper motor neurons carry information received from the lower motor neurons

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lower motor neurons carry info passed to them from the cortical regions that control motor movement

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Upper motor neurons carry information from the cortical regions that control motor movement -

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lower motor neurons carry information to them from the upper motor neurons

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reduced speech intelligibility results in reduced ability to function in every-day communication situations, and can lead to social isolation and depression.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Upper motor neurons carry information from the brainstem and spinal cord to synapse on skeletal muscles

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    UMN synapse directly onto lower motor neurons

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Damage results in a wider constellation of symptoms due to more diffuse cortical representation of motor movement

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    UMN carry information from the cortex through the brain stem and spinal cord

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    UMN synapse directly onto muscle

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    UMN cell bodies are located in the brain stem and spinal cord

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    UMN cell bodies are located in the grey matter of the brain

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When describing the characteristics of neurological disease, the location of the lesion can be in one specific spot in the CNS, several specific locations within the CNS, or pervasive and involving bilateral/symmetrical regions of the CNS. Terms associated with location of the lesion include:

    <p>Focal, multi-focal, diffuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Even in the absence of impact, significant acceleration or deceleration of the head can cause TBI.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When describing the characteristics of neurological disease, the evolution of the disease is determined by symptom presentation over time, symptoms that resolve completely after onset, and symptoms that resolve gradually over time.. The terms to describe the course of the disease include:

    <p>Progressive, transient, improving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a role of cerebrospinal fluid?

    <p>Carries blood throughout the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The motor speech system is a complex network of structures and pathways that organize, control, and execute movement.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Before we can identify atypical speech characteristics, one must first be able to identify normal variations in speech. Which of the following are normal variations in speech?

    <p>Phonological differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Apraxia is caused by damage to the parts of the brain related to executing speech. It is not due to muscle weakness.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Basal Ganglia

    • The basal ganglia are a group of subcortical nuclei responsible for motor control, cognition, learning, motivation, and other functions.
    • The basal ganglia include the caudate, putamen, substantia nigra, globus pallidus, nucleus accumbens, and subthalamic nucleus.
    • The basal ganglia have two key neurotransmitters: dopamine (inhibitory) and acetylcholine (excitatory).
    • The substantia nigra supplies the basal ganglia with dopamine, and the death of dopamine neurons is associated with the symptoms of Parkinson's disease.
    • The basal ganglia control circuit smooths and refines planned movements, especially for slow and continuous movements.

    Basal Ganglia Functions

    • Regulate muscle tone
    • Regulate movements that support goal-directed movements
    • Control postural adjustments during skilled movements
    • Adjust movements to the environment
    • Assist in learning new movements

    Basal Ganglia Structures

    • The basal ganglia include 5 nuclei: the corpus striatum, claustrum, amygdala, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus.
    • The nuclei can be classified into 3 groups: input nuclei (corpus striatum), intermediary nuclei (globus pallidus externa, nigra substance, and subthalamic nucleus), and output nuclei (substantia nigra and globus pallidus).

    Globus Pallidus

    • The globus pallidus is a paired structure and one of the nuclei that make up the basal ganglia.
    • Each globus pallidus is subdivided into two parts: the globus pallidus internus and globus pallidus externus.
    • The globus pallidus forms the lentiform nucleus with the putamen.

    Parkinson's Disease

    • Parkinson's disease is associated with the death of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra.
    • A reduction of dopamine in the striatum creates an imbalance between dopamine and acetylcholine.
    • This imbalance leads to symptoms such as rigidity, reduced range of motion, and slowed movement.

    Cerebellum

    • The cerebellum coordinates the timing and force of muscular contractions.
    • The cerebellum allows for skilled, voluntary movements.
    • The cerebellum processes sensory information from all over the body and integrates it into the execution of a movement.
    • The cerebellum influences speech control, providing auditory and proprioceptive feedback for speech muscles.

    Cerebellum Damage

    • Damage to the cerebellum results in movement deficits, including difficulties with timing, force, range, and direction.
    • Damage to the cerebellum also leads to difficulties with coordination, motor learning, and respiration.

    Upper Motor Neurons (UMNs)

    • UMN damage results in weakness, slowness, and spasticity.
    • UMN damage affects the pyramidal and extrapyramidal systems.
    • Bilateral damage to the UMN tracts results in spastic dysarthria.

    Lower Motor Neurons (LMNs)

    • LMNs are responsible for the stimulation of muscles.
    • LMNs work through the release of glutamate, which triggers depolarization in the LMNs.
    • LMNs are classified into two groups: alpha and gamma motor neurons.

    Central Nervous System (CNS)

    • The CNS is composed of the brain and spinal cord.
    • The CNS is protected by the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the meninges.
    • The CNS is responsible for integrating and processing information.

    Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

    • The PNS is a system of nerves that branch beyond the spinal cord, brain, and brainstem.
    • The PNS carries information to and from the CNS.
    • The PNS includes the somatic nervous system (SNS) and the autonomic nervous system (ANS).

    Nerves

    • Nerves control the body's functions, including the vital organs, sensations, and movement.
    • Nerves are affected by internal and external factors.
    • Nerves communicate through chemical signals and electrical synapses.

    Neuroanatomy

    • The meninges are a system of membranes that cover and protect the CNS.
    • The CSF is a clear, colorless fluid that bathes and circulates among the CNS tissues.
    • The CSF provides protection, buoyancy, and excretion of waste products.
    • The CSF serves as an endocrine medium for the brain.### Gross Neuroanatomy: Meninges
    • The meninges is a system of membranes that envelops the CNS, comprising three layers: dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.
    • Dura mater is the gray outer layer of the spinal cord and nerve roots, made of strong, protective, and connective tissue.
    • Arachnoid mater is a loosely woven fabric of arteries and veins, thinner than the dura mater, with a subarachnoid space filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
    • Pia mater is the innermost layer, a delicate and highly vascular membrane providing blood to the neural structures.

    Central Nervous System (CNS)

    • The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord.
    • The brain has 12 cranial nerves, and the spinal cord has 31 pairs, providing a means of communication between the brain and peripheral nerves.

    Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

    • The PNS is a system of nerves that branch beyond the spinal cord, brain, and brainstem.
    • It carries information to and from the CNS and includes the Somatic Nervous System (SNS) and the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS).
    • The PNS has four major functions: connecting the CNS to organs, limbs, and skin; allowing the brain and spinal cord to send and receive information; carrying sensory information; and regulating involuntary body functions.

    Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

    • The SNS includes nerves serving the musculoskeletal system and the skin.
    • It is voluntary and reacts to outside stimuli affecting the body.

    Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

    • The ANS is involuntary and automatically seeks to maintain homeostasis or normal function.

    Neural Communication

    • Neurons communicate through chemical signals and electrical synapses in a process called synaptic transmission.
    • The process is triggered by an action potential, a propagating electrical signal generated by exploiting the electrically excitable membrane of the neuron.

    Motor Neurons

    • Motor neurons are specialized brain cells located within the spinal cord and brain.
    • They come in two main subtypes: upper motor neurons (UMNs) and lower motor neurons (LMNs).
    • UMN originate in the brain, connecting with LMNs, which then connect to muscle fibers.
    • UMNs transmit nerve impulses to LMNs through glutamate, which releases transmitter secretions into the gap junction between neurons.

    Pathologic Reactions of Structural Elements

    • Neurons respond to neurologic disease and disorder, leading to physiologic and structural changes.
    • Examples include ischemia (anoxic brain injury), neurofibrillary degeneration (Alzheimer's disease), and demyelination (MS and Guillain-Barré syndrome).

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    Description

    This quiz covers the basic information about the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the central nervous system. Topics include the ventricles of the brain, secretion from the Choroid Plexus, and circulation among CNS tissues. Test your knowledge on CSF anatomy!

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