Gross Neuroanatomy

Which fluid bathes the entire surface of the central nervous system?

What is the function of CSF in terms of protection for the brain?

Where is CSF secreted from within the brain?

What role does CSF play in reducing the net weight of the brain?

What is one function of CSF related to waste removal?

How does CSF serve as an endocrine medium for the brain?

What is the outermost layer of the spinal cord and nerve roots called?

How does the Arachnoid mater differ from the Dura mater?

Which nervous system is responsible for voluntary reactions to external stimuli affecting the body?

What role does the Central Nervous System (CNS) play in nerve communication?

What does the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) allow the brain and spinal cord to do?

Which system is responsible for involuntary, automatic functions aiming to maintain normal body function?

What kind of neuron originates in the brain and travels downward to connect with lower motor neurons?

Which neurotransmitter is used by upper motor neurons to transmit nerve impulses to lower motor neurons?

Where are the cell bodies of the lower motor neurons located?

Which type of neuron carries information from brain centers that control the muscles of the body?

What is the most common cause of clinical dementia, including Alzheimer's disease?

Which disease results from demyelination in the central nervous system (CNS)?

Where do upper motor neurons originate?

The entire surface of the central nervous system is bathed by a pink colorless/odorless fluid called cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

The CSF is secreted from the Choroids Plexus, a vascular part outside the ventricles of the brain.

In an average adult, the total volume of CSF is about 100 milliliters.

One function of CSF is to serve as an excretory medium for the brain, helping to remove waste products.

CSF acts to increase the net weight of the brain by providing extra cushioning.

The main function of CSF in terms of protection for the brain is to directly repair any damage caused by external impact.

The meninges is a system of membrane that only envelops the brain, not the spinal cord.

The Arachnoid mater is thicker than the Dura mater.

The Pia mater is the outermost layer of the meninges.

The brain has 12 pairs of cranial nerves.

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) branches beyond the spinal cord and brainstem.

The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) is voluntary and reacts to outside stimuli.

The PNS carries information only from the CNS to other areas of the body.

Nerves are not affected by internal or external factors.

Neurons communicate solely through electrical synapses.

Upper motor neurons are responsible for the stimulation of the muscle targeted as they carry information down to the final common pathway.

Lower motor neurons receive impulses from the upper motor neurons and connect the spinal cord to the brain stem.

The cell bodies of lower motor neurons are located in the neuraxis.

Upper motor neurons form synapses with muscles in the body.

Lower motor neurons are classified according to the pathways they travel.

Neural reactions to neurologic disease can lead to a specific structural change reflecting a specific effect of damage.

Ischemia is characterized by the formation and clumping of neurofibrils in the CNS.

Inclusion bodies are small deposits within nerve cells associated with neurofibrillary degeneration.

Demyelination leads to a breakdown in communication along the axon and between neurons.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a result of demyelination in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).

What is one of the key neurotransmitters for the Basal Ganglia?

Which structure supplies the Basal Ganglia with dopamine?

What symptoms are associated with an imbalance between excitatory Acetylcholine and inhibitory Dopamine in the Basal Ganglia?

Which part of the Globus Pallidus is subdivided into internus and externus parts?

What is the basal ganglia's role in motor control?

What is the main symptom associated with hypokinetic dysarthria related to Basal Ganglia circuit damage?

What is the main function of the basal ganglia?

Which of the following is NOT a part of the basal ganglia?

What is the classification of the Globus Pallidus Externa in the basal ganglia?

Which nuclei are part of the output nuclei in the basal ganglia?

Which of the following functions is NOT associated with the basal ganglia?

Which nuclei belong to the input nuclei category in the basal ganglia?

What is the main role of the UMNs of the pyramidal system?

What is a consequence of damage to the UMNs of the extrapyramidal system?

Why does spasticity in the vocal tract help ambulatory individuals walk longer?

What is a significant effect of bilateral damage to the upper motor neuron tracts?

In the context of spastic dysarthria, what needs to occur for it to manifest?

What differentiates Unilateral Upper Motor Neuron Dysarthria from spastic dysarthria?

What is the primary responsibility of the cerebellum?

How does the cerebellum contribute to speech control?

Which statement accurately describes the relationship between the cerebellum and basal ganglia?

In what way does the cerebellum contribute to learning physical skills?

Which function is NOT associated with the cerebellar control circuit?

What is a probable way the cerebellum influences speech?

How does damage to the cerebellum affect speech movements?

What is a common symptom of 'cerebellar ataxia'?

In what aspect does the cerebellum play a role in speech movements?

What is a characteristic feature of 'intention tremors' associated with cerebellar damage?

What distinguishes 'broad-based gait' as a symptom of cerebellar ataxia?

Motor speech disorders represent an insignificant proportion of communication disorders seen in medical speech-language practices.

The combined processes of speech motor planning, programming, and neuromuscular execution are referred to as motor speech processes.

Upper motor neurons carry information received from the lower motor neurons

Lower motor neurons carry info passed to them from the cortical regions that control motor movement

Upper motor neurons carry information from the cortical regions that control motor movement -

Lower motor neurons carry information to them from the upper motor neurons

Reduced speech intelligibility results in reduced ability to function in every-day communication situations, and can lead to social isolation and depression.

Upper motor neurons carry information from the brainstem and spinal cord to synapse on skeletal muscles

UMN synapse directly onto lower motor neurons

Damage results in a wider constellation of symptoms due to more diffuse cortical representation of motor movement

UMN carry information from the cortex through the brain stem and spinal cord

UMN synapse directly onto muscle

UMN cell bodies are located in the brain stem and spinal cord

UMN cell bodies are located in the grey matter of the brain

When describing the characteristics of neurological disease, the location of the lesion can be in one specific spot in the CNS, several specific locations within the CNS, or pervasive and involving bilateral/symmetrical regions of the CNS. Terms associated with location of the lesion include:

Even in the absence of impact, significant acceleration or deceleration of the head can cause TBI.

When describing the characteristics of neurological disease, the evolution of the disease is determined by symptom presentation over time, symptoms that resolve completely after onset, and symptoms that resolve gradually over time.. The terms to describe the course of the disease include:

Which of the following is not a role of cerebrospinal fluid?

The motor speech system is a complex network of structures and pathways that organize, control, and execute movement.

Before we can identify atypical speech characteristics, one must first be able to identify normal variations in speech. Which of the following are normal variations in speech?

Apraxia is caused by damage to the parts of the brain related to executing speech. It is not due to muscle weakness.