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Questions and Answers
What is the term for the sum of all chemical reactions that occur within the body?
Which of the following is not a property common to all organisms?
Which organ system is responsible for producing new cells for growth, maintenance, and repair?
In anatomic position, what term describes the relative position towards the front of the body?
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Which plane divides the body into top and bottom parts?
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What term describes the maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment within the body?
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Which type of anatomy investigates structures that cannot be observed by the unaided eye?
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What does cytology study?
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In anatomical structures, what principle states that form is designed to perform specific functions?
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Which anatomy division studies tissues?
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Why is it important for disciplines like anatomy and physiology to integrate their information according to the text?
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Which type of anatomy investigates the superficial anatomic markings and internal body structures?
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Study Notes
Anatomy and Physiology
- Gross anatomy or macroscopic anatomy investigates structures visible to the unaided eye
- Divisions of gross anatomy: systemic anatomy, regional anatomy, surface anatomy, and comparative anatomy
- Embryology studies developmental changes from conception to birth
Microscopic Anatomy
- Examines structures that cannot be observed by the unaided eye
- Divisions of microscopic anatomy: cytology (study of body cells and their internal structure) and histology (study of tissues)
Relationship Between Anatomy and Physiology
- Anatomy studies the form and structure of the body
- Physiology examines how the body functions
- Form and function are interrelated: form follows function (anatomical structures are designed to perform their specific function)
Properties Common to All Organisms
- Organization: complex structure and order
- Metabolism: sum of all chemical reactions that occur within the body
- Anabolism: small molecules joined to form larger ones
- Catabolism: large molecules broken down into smaller ones
- Growth and development: organisms assimilate materials from the environment and grow and develop
- Responsiveness: ability to sense and react to stimuli
- Regulation: ability to adjust internal bodily function to accommodate environment changes
- Homeostasis: ability to maintain body structure and function
- Reproduction: produce new cells for growth, maintenance, and repair
Organ Systems of the Human Body
- 11 organ systems: integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, urinary, digestive, and male and female reproductive systems
Anatomic Position and Body Planes
- Coronal (or frontal) plane: vertical plane dividing the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts
- Transverse (or cross-sectional) plane: horizontal plane dividing the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) parts
- Midsagittal (or median) plane: vertical plane dividing the body into equal left and right halves
- Sagittal plane: parallel to midsagittal, but left or right of midsagittal; divides structure into unequal portions
- Oblique plane: passes through structure at an angle
Regional Anatomy
- Human body is partitioned into two main regions: axial region (head, neck, and trunk) and appendicular region (upper and lower limbs)
- Internal organs are housed within enclosed spaces or cavities, which provide protection and allow organs to change in size and shape
Body Cavities
- Body cavities are named according to surrounding structures
- Ventral cavities are lined with serous membranes, consisting of two layers: visceral and parietal
- Serous fluid in space between layers lubricates and cushions organs
Homeostasis
- Maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment
- Body senses and responds to changing internal or external conditions
- Disease occurs when homeostasis is not maintained
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Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of gross anatomy, which investigates the structures visible to the unaided eye through dissections and examinations. This quiz covers divisions such as systemic anatomy, regional anatomy, surface anatomy, comparative anatomy, and embryology.
