Gross Anatomy II - Avian
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Questions and Answers

What is the significance of the liver's position in relation to the heart during radiographic interpretation?

  • It helps in assessing the size of the air sacs.
  • It obscures the view of the heart apex. (correct)
  • It reveals the functionality of the jugular vein.
  • It indicates the presence of underlying heart disease.

    • Which structure is located at the tracheal bifurcation?

  • Esophagus
  • Ventriculus
  • Syrinx (correct)
  • Liver

    • What anatomical part is covered by large amounts of fat and can be difficult to visualize during dissection?

  • Duodenal loops
  • Proventriculus
  • Ventriculus (correct)
  • Heart

    • How many air sacs do most species typically possess?

    <p>9 air sacs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures can be identified by reflecting the heart and liver medially during dissection?

    <p>Pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function does the spleen serve in avian anatomy that is essential for radiographic interpretation?

    <p>Filtration of blood and recycling of iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ in the reproductive tract of birds is highly vascularized and occupies a significant portion of the abdomen when birds are reproductively active?

    <p>Oviduct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In avian anatomy, which muscles make up the ventriculus, and what is its role?

    <p>Thick and thin muscles for digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of identifying kidney lobes during avian dissection?

    <p>To assess filtration capabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is part of the gastrointestinal tract that should be removed to visualize other organs during dissection?

    <p>Esophagus and crop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the caudal thoracic air sacs in the avian respiratory system?

    <p>Facilitating the one-way airflow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which section of the cloaca receives contents from the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Coprodeum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Meckel's diverticulum signify in avian anatomy?

    <p>The boundary between jejunum and ileum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the spleen's location for radiographic interpretation?

    <p>It increases in size with chronic and systemic infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle bands in the ventriculus are thick and dark in color?

    <p>Caudodorsal and caudoventral bands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the appropriate site for surgically incising the ventriculus to retrieve foreign objects?

    <p>Caudoventral thin muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many lobes are identified in the kidney and what are their names by location?

    <p>Three lobes: cranial, intermediate, and caudal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance fills the ureters as seen during organ observation?

    <p>Chalky-white urates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is notable about the spleen's appearance during dissection?

    <p>It is located at the midpoint of the proventriculus and ventriculus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscle is the ventriculus arranged into?

    <p>Smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option describes the characteristics of the smaller muscle bands in the ventriculus?

    <p>They are smaller and lighter in color.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main waste product identified in the ureters?

    <p>Urates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action is recommended for observing the kidney lobes during dissection?

    <p>Reflecting the lower intestinal loops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the spleen in the context of radiographic interpretation?

    <p>Storage of red blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is primarily responsible for the transport of ova in the reproductive tract of birds?

    <p>Oviduct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical feature should be observed when performing surgery on the ventriculus?

    <p>Distal portion containing grit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When identifying kidney lobes in birds, which characteristic is most notable?

    <p>Kidneys typically appear in a symmetrical arrangement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During gastrointestinal tract dissection, which organ lies directly after the estradiol-producing region?

    <p>Ventriculus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the intertarsal joint in avian anatomy?

    <p>It is a common site for intraosseous catheters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the proper incision technique for abdominal surgery in birds?

    <p>Longitudinal incision along the midline from sternum to the vent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the gastrointestinal tract is primarily involved in nutrient absorption in birds?

    <p>Duodenum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical structure connects the upper bones of the foot to the tibiotarsus?

    <p>Intertarsal joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of palpating the last rib during an examination?

    <p>To identify potential spinal fractures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Gross Anatomy II - Avian

    • External Exam Objectives:

      • Identify and palpate relevant musculoskeletal structures on a chicken carcass.
      • Palpate and assess anatomical links of the thoracic and pelvic limbs.
      • Visually inspect the carcass's body conformation and position of the avian skeleton.
      • Understand the avian skeleton's position (hidden under contour feathers)
      • Properly identify anatomical structures for proper restraint of the thoracic limb.
      • Identify relevant soft tissues analyzed during physical examination

    • Internal Anatomy Objectives:

      • Carefully dissect the chicken carcass to identify the anatomy in situ.
      • Identify at least one intact air sac.
      • Properly identify soft tissue organs (respiratory, gastrointestinal, immune, and urogenital tracts).
      • Practice incising the avian integument and plucking body feathers.
      • Remove superficial organs to identify deeper anatomical structures.
      • Differentiate muscular masses responsible for flight and injecting parenteral drugs.

    External (physical) exam

    • Body Condition: Palpate the keel (entire length) and visualize any fat deposits.
    • Feather Tracts (Pterylae): Contour feathers are arranged in tracts, with bare areas (apteria) between tracts, important for blood collection.
    • Pectoral Muscles: Superficial muscles are preferred for intramuscular injections.
    • Abdominal Space: Place fingers between the distal keel and pubic bones for proper flat/concave assessment.
    • Vent: Opening of the cloaca used for measuring body temperature and collecting samples.
    • Crop and Thoracic Inlet: Locate the crop on the right side of the neck and identify the L&R jugular veins by spreading feathers.
    • Clavicle and Coracoid Bones: Palpable bones connecting the shoulder girdle to the sternum; assess for luxations/fractures.
    • Nares (Nostrils): Exam of the nostrils.
    • Infraorbital Sinus: Triangular cavity, a common infection site (hypovitaminosis A).
    • Eyes and Conjunctiva: Fold lower eyelid to assess eye condition (round, clear, shiny).
    • Ear Canal: Examine ear canal size (varies by species).
    • Comb and Wattle: Outgrowths of skin thickened with vascularity; color change indicates low oxygen levels.

    External (physical) exam - Thoracic Limb (wing)

    • Humerus: Pneumatic bone; common site for venipuncture.
    • Elbow Joint: Observe and palpate.
    • Radius and Ulna: Ulna is larger for supporting secondary flight feathers.
    • Wrist (Carpal) Joint: Contains 2 bones(ulna/radial); site for intraosseous catheters insertion.
    • Primary Flight Feathers: Attached to digits (manus) and major metacarpus; grow laterally.
    • Secondary Flight Feathers: Attached to the ulna; grow in a medial direction.
    • Axillary Feathers: Separate primary from secondary flight feathers.
    • Alula Feather: Supported by the alular digit; important for landing.
    • Patagium: Feathered fold between shoulder and carpal joint; major patagium ligament.
    • Major Metacarpus and digits: Site for attachment to primary flight feathers.

    External (physical) exam - Pelvic Limb (leg)

    • Tarsometatarsus: Covered by scales and not feathers; a common site for venipuncture.
    • Digital Pad: Soft tissue that can be infected (bumblefoot).
    • Intertarsal/ Hock Joint: Joint for the ankle.
    • Tibiotarsus: Tibia and upper foot bones fused; numerous feather tracts.
    • Stifle (Knee) Joint: Observe and palpate joint articulation space; a possible insertion point for intraosseous catheter insertion.
    • Femur: Possible to palpate underneath the heavy muscle mass.
    • Synsacrum: Fused vertebrae forming a framework for support.
    • Notarium: Fused thoracic vertebrae, with one free vertebra between notarium and synsacrum; possible for spinal fractures.
    • Last Rib: Halfway between the spine and sternum, a site for placing air sac cannulas.

    Internal Anatomy - Dissection Guide (Summary)

    • Plucking Feathers: Gentle plucking procedure is indispensable for proper wound management.
    • Incising Skin: Longitudinal incision from the sternum to vent.
    • Separating Skin: Using fingers or forceps to separate the skin.
    • Cutting through abdominal body wall: Examining organs in situ.
    • Incising pectoralis Muscle: Reflecting the large muscle for examination.
    • Removing pectoral Muscles and Rib Section: Removing the sternum.
    • Identifying organs in situ (trachea, syrinx, esophagus, crop, jugular vein, thyroid gland, heart, liver, proventriculus, ventriculus, duodenum, pancreas, intestine, spleen, ceca, rectum, cloaca, kidneys, sacrolumbar plexus, ischiadic nerve).
    • Identifying the reproductive tract (female) in situ.
    • Identifying the cloaca. Identify the 3 compartments (Coprodeum, Urodeum, Proctodeum).
    • Identifying the male reproductive organs. (Testes, Vas Deferens).

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    External Exam and Dissection Guides PDF

    Description

    This quiz focuses on the gross anatomy of avian species, particularly chickens. It covers both external examinations, including musculoskeletal structures and anatomical links, as well as internal anatomy identification through dissection. Students will demonstrate their understanding of the avian skeleton and soft tissue anatomy.

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