Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of fertilization in Mendel's experiments?
What is the primary role of fertilization in Mendel's experiments?
- It creates a zygote from sperm and egg. (correct)
- It determines the plant height.
- It leads to true breeding organisms.
- It produces multiple phenotypes.
Which of the following best defines 'homozygous'?
Which of the following best defines 'homozygous'?
- Having two different alleles for a trait.
- Having one dominant and one recessive allele.
- Having two identical alleles for a trait. (correct)
- Having multiple traits expressed.
According to Mendel's Law of Segregation, what do parents pass on to their offspring?
According to Mendel's Law of Segregation, what do parents pass on to their offspring?
- All dominant alleles.
- One allele for each trait. (correct)
- Only recessive alleles.
- Both alleles for every trait.
What does a Punnett square help predict?
What does a Punnett square help predict?
Which of the following statements reflects the Law of Independent Assortment?
Which of the following statements reflects the Law of Independent Assortment?
What characteristic best describes a 'true breeding' organism?
What characteristic best describes a 'true breeding' organism?
Which term refers to the physical appearance resulting from a genotype?
Which term refers to the physical appearance resulting from a genotype?
What do dominant alleles typically require for expression?
What do dominant alleles typically require for expression?
Flashcards
Genetics
Genetics
The study of biological inheritance, or how traits are passed from one generation to the next.
Trait
Trait
A specific characteristic, such as flower color or plant height.
Fertilization
Fertilization
The process where sperm and egg cells join to form a zygote.
True Breeding
True Breeding
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Gene
Gene
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Alleles
Alleles
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Dominant Allele
Dominant Allele
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Recessive Allele
Recessive Allele
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Study Notes
Gregor Mendel's Work and Applying Mendel's Principles
- Mendel studied how traits are passed from one generation to the next
- This study is known as genetics
- Mendel used pea plants as model organisms
- Pea plants are easy to grow and produce many offspring
Mendel's Experiments
- Pea plants were small and easy to grow, and could produce hundreds of offspring
- Traits like seed color and plant height were observed
Role of Fertilization
- A trait is a characteristic, such as seed color or plant height
- Fertilization is when sperm and egg join to form a zygote
- True breeding organisms consistently produce the same trait
Genes and Alleles
- Genes are DNA segments that express a trait
- Each cross starts with parent (P) generation, then F1 offspring, after which F2 offspring
- Alleles are single forms of a gene
- Alleles are represented by letters (capital or lowercase)
Dominant and Recessive Alleles
- Dominant alleles are represented by capital letters (e.g., B)
- Recessive alleles are represented by lowercase letters (e.g., b)
- The Law of Dominance states that some alleles are dominant and mask recessive traits
Law of Segregation
- During meiosis, alleles segregate, with each parent passing only one allele to their offspring
Homozygous vs. Heterozygous
- Homozygous: both alleles are the same
- Heterozygous: both alleles are different
Genotype and Phenotype
- Phenotype: observable traits (e.g., purple flowers)
- Genotype: genetic makeup (e.g., homozygous or heterozygous)
Using a Punnett Square and Independent Crosses
- Punnett squares are used to predict possible genotypes from a cross
- Independent crosses involve examining different traits during the cross
Mendel's Overall Conclusions
- Law of Dominance: One allele is dominant over another
- Law of Segregation: Parents pass one allele to offspring
- Law of Independent Assortment: Alleles of different traits independently assort during gamete formation
Mendel and Meiosis
- Gregor Mendel was the first to correctly predict the process of meiosis
- Law of Segregation: genes separate during gamete production
- Law of Independent Assortment: chromosomes align randomly during meiosis
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