Green Algae and Land Plant Evolution

<p>Charophytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Support against the force of gravity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of complex root systems (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protection from desiccation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lignin in vascular tissues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Angiosperms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dependence on water for fertilization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enhanced ability to colonize drier habitats (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are essential components of various food webs and contribute to soil stability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It laid the foundation for the wide range of plant life we see today (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Xylem = Conducts water and dissolved minerals upward from roots Phloem = Transports sugars and other organic compounds throughout the plant Vascular bundles = Contain both xylem and phloem, providing transport pathways Root hairs = Increase surface area for water and mineral absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Composed of living cells that transport sugars and other organic molecules. = Phloem Composed of dead cells that form continuous tubes for water transport. = Xylem Transports water and dissolved minerals from roots to leaves. = Xylem Transports sugars and other organic molecules from leaves to other parts of the plant. = Phloem</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transport of water from roots to leaves. = Xylem Transport of sugars produced during photosynthesis from leaves to roots. = Phloem Transport of dissolved minerals from roots to leaves. = Xylem Transport of hormones throughout the plant. = Phloem</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Xylem = A complex tissue responsible for transporting water and dissolved minerals throughout the plant. Phloem = A complex tissue responsible for transporting sugars and other organic compounds throughout the plant. Vascular bundles = Groups of xylem and phloem tissues found in stems and roots. Cambium = A layer of cells that produces new xylem and phloem tissues in plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Xylem vessels = Dead cells that form continuous tubes for efficient upward water movement. Tracheids = Elongated, dead cells with tapered ends, allowing water to flow through pits. Root hairs = Increase surface area for absorption of water and minerals from the soil. Stomata = Openings in leaves that regulate gas exchange and water loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Xylem = Conducts water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the leaves. Phloem = Transports sugars and other organic molecules throughout the plant. Companion cells = Living cells that provide support and metabolic assistance to sieve tube elements in the phloem. Sieve tube elements = Long, narrow cells with perforated ends, forming a continuous tube for sugar transport.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water transport from roots to leaves = Xylem Sugar transport from leaves to roots = Phloem Transport of hormones = Phloem Transport of mineral nutrients = Xylem</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sieve tube elements = Long, narrow cells with perforated end walls, forming a continuous tube for sugar transport. Companion cells = Living cells that provide support and metabolic assistance to sieve tube elements. Phloem sap = A watery solution containing sugars and other organic molecules transported within phloem. Vascular bundles = Groups of xylem and phloem tissues that provide transport pathways throughout the plant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Xylem = Conducts water and dissolved nutrients Phloem = Conducts sugars and hormones Tracheids = Facilitate water movement Sieve-tube elements = Transporting dissolved sugars</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Companion cells = Maintain cytoplasm of sieve-tube elements Vessel elements = Have perforations for water transport Sieve plates = Perforated ends of sieve-tube elements Parenchyma cells = Support and store nutrients in xylem</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Xylem = Provides structural support through fibers Phloem = Contains companion cells Tracheids = Found in all vascular plants Vessel elements = Specific to angiosperms</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Xylem = Water conduction Phloem = Nutrient distribution Tracheids = Water-conducting cells Sieve-tube elements = Transport of organic materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Herbivores = External threats Pathogens = Internal threats Non-motility = Cannot move to escape threats Defense mechanisms = Similar roles in immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Xylem vessels = Specialized for efficient water transport Sieve-tube elements = Key players in phloem for nutrient transport Companion cells = Supportive cells for sieve-tube elements Tracheids = Basic water conducting units in xylem</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sieve plates = Facilitate flow between sieve-tube elements Companion cells = Assist in the functioning of sieve-tube elements Sieve-tube elements = Conduct food materials Parenchyma cells = Aid in storage within phloem</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cork cambium = Protection (part of bark) Vascular cambium = Transport of water and ions; structural support Secondary phloem = Transport of sugars, amino acids, hormones Secondary xylem = Storage and structural support</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vascular cambium = Produced to the outside Cork cambium = Produced to the outside Secondary xylem = Produced to the inside Secondary phloem = Produced to the outside</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secondary xylem = Tracheids and vessels Secondary phloem = Sieve-tube elements Cork cells = Cork tissue Vascular cambium = Meristematic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heartwood = Older, innermost secondary xylem Sapwood = Light-colored outer xylem Dendroecology = Science of tree growth rings Annual growth rings = Formed with alternating early and late wood</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cork = Protection (part of bark) Sieve-tube elements = Transport of organic nutrients Tracheids = Transport of water and minerals Parenchyma cells = Storage and tissue repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cork cambium = Cork tissue Vascular cambium = Secondary xylem Meristematic tissue = Growth tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tracheids = Long, thin cells for water transport Vessels = Wide cells for efficient water flow Parenchyma cells = Storage and metabolism Fibers = Provide structural support</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wide rings = Wet years Narrow rings = Drought years Dormancy = Dry or cold seasons Annual rings = Indicate tree age</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cork = Production of protective outer layers Phloem = Transport of organic nutrients Xylem = Transport of water and ions Cambium = Growth and formation of new tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

Simple non-vascular plants like mosses that depend on water for reproduction.

Vascular plants such as ferns that still require water for fertilization.

Seed-bearing plants like conifers with seeds not enclosed in fruits.

Flowering plants that produce seeds enclosed in fruits.

Plants perform photosynthesis, support ecosystems, and prevent erosion.

A diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotes related to land plants.

Pigments found in green algae and land plants, vital for photosynthesis.

A reproductive cycle where a diploid sporophyte alternates with a haploid gametophyte.

Changes allowing plants to survive on land, like cuticles and stomata.

A network of xylem and phloem for transporting water and nutrients in plants.

A durable polymer protecting spores and pollen from drying out.

A substance that provides structural support in vascular plants.

A group of green algae considered the closest relatives of land plants.

Special roots that facilitate gas exchange with the atmosphere.

Thick taproots that store carbohydrates during early growth seasons.

Includes roots, stems, and leaves working together for function.

Plants can change size and shape based on environmental conditions.

The spatial pattern of leaves on a stem, such as alternate or whorled.

Small openings on leaves that regulate gas exchange.

The outer tissue layer of plants, including the epidermis and stomata.

Hair-like structures on plant surfaces with various protective functions.

Grouped based on structure; include dermal, ground, and vascular tissues.

Plant tissue where photosynthesis and storage occur, made of parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma.

Thin-walled, abundant cells in plants involved in photosynthesis and storage.

Plant tissue providing flexible support, with unevenly thickened primary cell walls.

Complex tissue providing rigid support through thick secondary cell walls, includes fibers and sclereids.

Vascular tissue that conducts water and dissolved nutrients throughout the plant.

Vascular tissue that transports sugars, amino acids, and hormones in plants.

Defense mechanism in plants against herbivores and pathogens, similar to animal immunity but stationary.

Meristematic tissue responsible for secondary growth in plants.

A type of cambium that produces secondary xylem and phloem.

A layer that produces cork cells for protection.

Inner, older xylem that contains protective compounds.

Light-colored outer layer of xylem, active in water transport.

Layers of xylem formed annually, indicating tree age and growth conditions.

The study of tree rings to understand ecological changes.

Alternating layers of early and late wood representing growth seasons.

Period when vascular cambium stops growing during adverse conditions.