Greek War of Independence

• The video examines the Greek fight for independence from the Ottoman Empire.
• The "Eastern Question" emerged alongside the decline of the Ottoman Empire in the 18th century.
• This question concerned the empire's fate and the desires of various nationalities, particularly in the Balkans.

Causes of the Greek War of Independence

• Greek nationalism was on the rise, influenced by the Enlightenment and the French Revolution.
• Rigas Feraios advocated for unification and liberation.
• Adamantios Korais envisioned a democratic Greece.
• The Filiki Eteria, was a secret society of Greek merchants.
• The Filiki Eteria played a key role in organizing the revolt.

Key Events and Figures

• Brutal atrocities occurred on both sides of the conflict.
• European powers, especially Russia, offered support to the Greek revolutionaries.
• Russia aimed to expand its influence at the expense of the Ottomans.
• The Battle of Navarino in 1827 was a turning point.
• The Treaty of Adrianople in 1829 led to the recognition of Greek independence.

Significance

• The war symbolized the rise of nationalism.
• The war highlighted shifting dynamics in Europe.
• The Greek struggle had broader implications for the balance of power among the Great Powers.

Foundation and Decline of the Ottoman Empire

• The Ottoman Empire was founded in the late 13th century by Osman.
• The empire became a transcontinental power after the capture of Constantinople in 1453.
• By the 18th century, the empire experienced a decline, leading to the "Eastern Question".
• The "Eastern Question" focused on the empire's future and the national aspirations of its subjects.

Greek Nationalism

• Greek nationalism rose from 1821 to 1829.
• The secret society Filiki Eteria advocated for the revival of the Byzantine Empire and aimed to restore Constantinople as its capital.

War Atrocities and International Intervention

• The war included atrocities like the Constantinople Massacre of 1821.
• The atrocities garnered outrage and support for the Greek cause.
• Britain, France, and Russia defeated the Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Navarino in 1827.
• The Battle of Navarino led to Greek independence.
• The Treaty of Adrianople in 1829 recognized Greek independence.
• The Treaty of Adrianople marked a significant moment in the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire.

Transformation of the Ottoman Empire

• Early expansion led to a complex, multicultural empire.
• The Ottomans influenced regional politics and facilitated cultural exchange.
• The diverse empire also sowed discontent among subject nations, leading to nationalist movements as the empire weakened.

Complexity of the Eastern Question

• It encapsulated rising nationalism in the Balkans.
• It showed the declining authority of the Ottoman Empire.
• The question highlighted the competing interests of European powers.
• The phrase reveals the intricate tapestry of geopolitical concerns shaping 19th-century international relations.

Cultural Awakening and National Identity

• The Greek Enlightenment, or Diafotismos, shaped national identity among Greeks.
• A wealthy merchant class and educated elites fostered revolutionary ideas.
• Cultural movements preceded and inspired political change.
• Intellectuals like Rigas Feraios and Adamantios Korais promoted liberty, democracy, and national identity.
• Their writings served as vital catalysts for the Greek nationalist movement.
• Literature and education can spark revolutionary sentiments.

Atrocities of War

• The war was marred by violence and brutality.
• Atrocities fueled outrage among Europeans.
• Atrocities highlighted the human cost of the struggle for independence, complicating international responses.

Geopolitical Shifts Post-Navarino

• The Battle of Navarino marked a turning point for Greece and the balance of power in Europe.
• The Ottoman fleet's defeat demonstrated the collective military strength of European powers.
• There was a shift in European involvement, emphasizing external influences in national movements.
• The recognition of Greek independence represented a milestone in European nationalism.
• It provided a template for other nations under imperial rule.
• It altered the political landscape of the continent.
• It challenged the existing order established by the Congress of Vienna.

Conclusion

• The Greek War of Independence embodies the struggles and aspirations of a people under foreign dominion.
• The complexities surrounding the “Eastern Question” resonate in discussions of national sovereignty and the legacy of empires.

The Greek War of Independence was fueled by rising nationalism and the decline of the Ottoman Empire. The Filiki Eteria, a secret society, played a crucial role in organizing the revolt. European powers, particularly Russia, supported the Greeks, leading to the decisive Battle of Navarino and eventual recognition of Greek independence.