Great Depression Events and Impact
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Questions and Answers

What was a significant consequence of the Stock Market Crash of 1929?

  • The onset of the Great Depression (correct)
  • The rise of consumer spending
  • The establishment of Social Security
  • The end of World War II

Which organization focused on advocacy for marginalized communities during the Depression?

  • Federal Emergency Relief Administration
  • American Red Cross
  • League of Nations
  • National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) (correct)

What was one of the main purposes of the New Deal?

  • To reduce immigration rates
  • To alleviate the impacts of the Great Depression (correct)
  • To promote global trade agreements
  • To finance World War I

What was a significant impact of the Dust Bowl during the 1930s?

<p>Mass migration of farming families (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary aim of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)?

<p>To create jobs through conservation projects (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did unemployment during the Great Depression lead to social issues?

<p>It caused increased social unrest and poverty (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which program was established to provide temporary jobs during the winter of 1933-34?

<p>Civil Works Administration (CWA) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which program aimed to provide work and education for young Americans?

<p>National Youth Administration (NYA) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary goal of the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)?

<p>To boost agricultural prices by reducing surpluses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which program was established to insure bank deposits and restore trust in the banking system?

<p>Federal Depositors Insurance Corporation (FDIC) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was the Governor of Texas that implemented New Deal programs from 1935 to 1939?

<p>James V. Allred (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event led to a significant oil boom in Kilgore, Texas?

<p>Kilgore Oil Discovery, 1930 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of the Red Scare on Texas?

<p>Heightened suspicion and persecution of suspected communists (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which notable group was known for its contributions as military pilots during World War II?

<p>Tuskegee Airmen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of Title IX, established in 1972?

<p>To prohibit sex-based discrimination in federally funded education programs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant principle was established by the Supreme Court in Baker v. Carr (1962) and Reynolds v. Sims (1964)?

<p>The principle of 'one person, one vote' (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was the highly decorated American soldier and actor known for his WWII service?

<p>Audie Murphy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact did the Interstate Highway System, established in 1956, have?

<p>Facilitated the movement of goods and people across the nation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event is associated with the date October 29, 1929?

<p>Black Tuesday and the Stock Market Crash (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which economic factor contributed significantly to the Stock Market Crash of 1929?

<p>Speculation in the stock market (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the primary activities of the Civil Works Administration (CWA)?

<p>Providing temporary jobs and building infrastructure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a key achievement of the Works Progress Administration (WPA)?

<p>Building schools and hospitals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What environmental disaster had a significant social impact during the 1930s?

<p>The Dust Bowl (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organization aimed to provide work and education specifically for youth during the Great Depression?

<p>National Youth Administration (NYA) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant effect of increased unemployment during the Great Depression?

<p>Increased poverty and social unrest (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one major impact of the Kilgore Oil Discovery in 1930?

<p>Boosted the local economy significantly (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event is associated with the beginning of the Cold War?

<p>The Berlin Wall construction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main goal of the Lend-Lease Program established in 1941?

<p>Supply military aid to Allied nations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which individual played a significant role in challenging segregation in higher education in Texas?

<p>Heman Sweatt (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What notable effect did the Civil Rights Movement in Texas have during the 1950s and 1960s?

<p>End of racial segregation and discrimination (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which role did Dwight D. Eisenhower play during World War II?

<p>Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force in Europe (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Senate Election of 1948 in Texas?

<p>It was a controversial election between two prominent figures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a significant contribution of Texas Women during World War II?

<p>Working in factories and serving on the home front (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main objective of Title VII, established in 1964?

<p>Prohibit employment discrimination based on various factors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Democratic Party's status in Texas politics during the mid-20th century?

<p>Dominance in political control (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the causes of the Stock Market Crash of 1929?

<p>Speculation in the stock market (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organization provided advocacy specifically for racial inequalities during the Depression?

<p>National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one significant effect of the Dust Bowl?

<p>Intensified migration of families (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which program aimed at providing jobs for young men in conservation projects?

<p>Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Franklin Delano Roosevelt aim to combat the economic downturn during his presidency?

<p>Through implementing the New Deal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of the Ripple Effect of Unemployment was significant during the Great Depression?

<p>Decreased demand for goods and services (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key achievement of the Works Progress Administration (WPA)?

<p>Building infrastructure like schools and hospitals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of the National Youth Administration (NYA)?

<p>To provide work and education for young Americans (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary outcome of the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)?

<p>Boosted agricultural prices by reducing surpluses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was the director of the Women's Army Corps during World War II?

<p>Oveta Culp Hobby (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which significant event took place in Texas in 1947, resulting in numerous casualties?

<p>The Texas City Disaster (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key purpose of the Lend-Lease Program established in 1941?

<p>To supply military aid to Allied nations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the impact of the Cold War on U.S. domestic policies?

<p>It fostered a pervasive climate of suspicion toward communism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one major consequence of the Senate Election of 1948 in Texas?

<p>Controversial results leading to a recount (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle was established by the Supreme Court cases Baker v. Carr (1962) and Reynolds v. Sims (1964)?

<p>One person, one vote in legislative representation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which notable figure from Texas served as the Fleet Admiral of the U.S. Navy?

<p>Chester Nimitz (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what year was Title VII established, prohibiting employment discrimination?

<p>1964 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant role played by Texas Women during World War II?

<p>Working in factories and supporting the home front (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What milestone did Barbara Jordan achieve in U.S. politics?

<p>First African American woman from the South elected to the U.S. House of Representatives (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the mid-20th century, which political party maintained dominance in Texas?

<p>Democratic Party (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one consequence of the social and political changes in Texas during this period?

<p>Increased challenges to established norms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did Barbara Jordan play in the context of Texas politics?

<p>Civil rights activist and legislator (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key characteristic of the Democratic Party's control in Texas during the mid-20th century?

<p>Persistence of traditional political practices (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of Title IX established in 1972?

<p>To prohibit sex-based discrimination in federally funded education programs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which role is associated with Sarah Weddington?

<p>Attorney who argued the landmark case Roe v. Wade (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What position did Ann Richards hold in Texas?

<p>Governor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How have Blacks contributed to Texas society?

<p>Through significant contributions to civil rights and cultural development (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what year was Title IX established?

<p>1972 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been a significant cultural and economic contributor in Texas?

<p>Mexican-Texans (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group has shown increasing involvement in politics and social movements in Texas?

<p>Women (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rising opposition from various groups has posed challenges primarily to which group?

<p>Democrat Elites (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable impact of Mexican-Texans in Texas?

<p>Significant cultural and economic impact (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups is increasingly recognized for their political engagement in Texas?

<p>Women (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What policy dictates that each county in Texas has its own legislative district?

<p>One District per County Policy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about legislative districts in Texas is true?

<p>Each county is represented by its own single legislative district. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of the 'One district per county' policy in Texas?

<p>Ensures equal representation for every county. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the arrangement of legislative districts in Texas?

<p>Each county has a specifically assigned legislative district. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term correctly identifies the legislative structure in Texas as it relates to counties?

<p>County-Based Districting Model (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of constructing the Berlin Wall in 1961?

<p>To separate East and West Berlin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which period did the Red Scare take place?

<p>Late 1940s to 1950s (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main strategy behind the U.S. policy of containment?

<p>To prevent the spread of communism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Red Scare particularly affect Texas?

<p>It heightened suspicion and persecution of suspected communists. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What general atmosphere characterized the Red Scare in the United States?

<p>A climate of suspicion and fear regarding communism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who served as the Governor of Texas immediately before Allan Shivers?

<p>Beauford Jester (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Governor of Texas served a term during the 1940s and was known for his conservative policies?

<p>Beauford Jester (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which time period did Coke Stevenson hold the office of Governor in Texas?

<p>1941 to 1947 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the term length of Allan Shivers as Governor of Texas?

<p>1949 to 1957 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these individuals was the Governor of Texas directly after Coke Stevenson?

<p>Beauford Jester (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of James Earl Rudder during World War II?

<p>Army officer and president of Texas A&amp;M University (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What notable action is Dorie Miller remembered for during the attack on Pearl Harbor?

<p>Heroically defending others and operating anti-aircraft guns (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which period marks the timeframe of World War II?

<p>1939-1945 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant contribution of Texans during World War II?

<p>Serving in the military and supporting the war effort (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which major impact did World War II have on global dynamics?

<p>It marked the rise of the Soviet Union as a superpower (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant action did James V. Allred take during his governorship of Texas?

<p>He implemented New Deal programs in Texas. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did W. Lee ‘Pappy’ O’Daniel have before becoming the Governor of Texas?

<p>He gained fame as a radio host and flour salesman. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major purpose of the Federal Depositors Insurance Corporation (FDIC) established in 1933?

<p>To insure bank deposits and restore trust in the banking system. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Bonnie and Clyde during the 1930s?

<p>They were known as infamous criminals for bank robberies and murders. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What legacy did Bonnie and Clyde leave during the Great Depression?

<p>They were celebrated as folk heroes by people during the economic struggle. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant role of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) during the Depression?

<p>Advocating for the rights of marginalized communities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which activity was primarily conducted by community organizations like LULAC during the Depression?

<p>Addressing social issues like racial inequality (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Tuskegee Airmen in the context of World War II?

<p>They were African American pilots who fought in the war. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did postwar industrialization affect Texas after World War II?

<p>It triggered rapid industrial growth and economic development. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the focus of LULAC during the Great Depression?

<p>Advocating for the rights and issues affecting Latino communities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Stock Market Crash of 1929

A significant downturn in the stock market, marked by a sharp decline in stock prices, impacting the US economy deeply.

Great Depression causes

The combined factors of stock market speculation, low wages, debt, struggling farms, and bad loans.

New Deal purpose

A series of programs aimed at combating the Great Depression by creating jobs, providing relief, and reforming the economy.

Civil Works Administration (CWA)

A New Deal program providing temporary jobs for people, focusing on infrastructure projects.

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Works Progress Administration (WPA)

A large-scale New Deal program providing jobs for many Americans in various sectors including construction and arts projects.

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Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

A New Deal program focused on providing jobs to young men in conservation projects, mainly on public lands.

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Unemployment's Ripple Effect (Economic)

A decrease in consumer spending and demand for goods as unemployment increases, further causing job losses.

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Dust Bowl Period

An era in the 1930s marked by severe drought, agricultural collapse, and massive dust storms, affecting the US economy and leading to migration.

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Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

A 1933 law that tried to raise farm prices by limiting crop production.

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Federal Depositors Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

An agency that insures bank deposits, promoting trust in banks.

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World War II

A global war fought from 1939 to 1945.

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Lend-Lease Program

A policy by which the U.S. lent or leased war materials to Allied nations in WWII.

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Postwar Industrialization in Texas

Rapid industrial growth in Texas after WWII.

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The Interstate Highway System

A nationwide system of highways established in 1956.

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The Cold War

A period of geopolitical tension between the U.S. and the Soviet Union from 1947-1991.

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Civil Rights Movement in Texas

Efforts to end racial segregation and discrimination in Texas during 1950-1960s.

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Title VII

A 1964 law prohibiting employment discrimination based on various characteristics.

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Title IX

A 1972 law prohibiting sex-based discrimination in education.

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Black Tuesday

The day the stock market crashed in 1929, marking the beginning of the Great Depression. This event caused widespread economic hardship and unemployment.

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Great Depression: Main Effects

This economic downturn led to widespread unemployment, bank failures, and a dramatic decrease in consumer spending. The consequences were far-reaching, impacting all sectors of society.

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What did community organizations like NAACP and LULAC do?

These groups provided support and advocacy for marginalized communities during the Great Depression, particularly addressing racial inequality and economic hardship faced by their members.

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Unemployment's Ripple Effect

The loss of jobs leads to reduced consumer spending, impacting demand for goods and services, which in turn results in further job losses, creating a vicious cycle.

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Dust Bowl: Causes

During the 1930s, severe drought and poor farming practices, like dryland farming, led to soil erosion, causing massive dust storms and devastating agriculture across the Great Plains.

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FDR's New Deal

A series of programs designed to address the Great Depression by providing relief to the unemployed, rebuilding the economy, and reforming government institutions.

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WPA vs. CCC

Both were New Deal programs providing jobs. The WPA focused on a wide range of projects, including schools and roads, while the CCC concentrated on conservation tasks like building parks and planting trees.

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NYA: What did it do?

The National Youth Administration focused on providing work and education for young Americans, offering part-time jobs to students and job training to unemployed youth.

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AAA (Agricultural Adjustment Act)

A 1933 law aimed at raising farm prices by reducing crop production and surplus, helping farmers during the Great Depression.

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FDIC (Federal Depositors Insurance Corporation)

An agency established in 1933 to insure bank deposits, restoring public trust in the banking system during the Depression.

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Bonnie and Clyde

An infamous criminal duo known for bank robberies and murders during the 1930s, becoming folk heroes in the midst of the Great Depression.

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Kilgore Oil Discovery

The discovery of oil in Kilgore, Texas in 1930, leading to an oil boom and significant economic growth in the region.

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Lend-Lease Program (WWII)

A policy established in 1941 that provided military aid to Allied nations during World War II, boosting their war effort.

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The Berlin Wall

A barrier erected in 1961 to physically separate East and West Berlin, symbolizing the division during the Cold War.

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The Red Scare

A period of intense fear of communism in the United States, particularly in the late 1940s and 1950s, leading to suspicion and persecution of suspected communists.

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What caused the Great Depression?

Several factors contributed to the Great Depression: overspeculation in the stock market, low wages, excessive debt, struggling agriculture, and banks unable to recover loans.

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Ripple Effect of Unemployment

The loss of jobs leads to reduced consumer spending, impacting demand for goods and services, which in turn results in further job losses, creating a vicious cycle.

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Dust Bowl's Impact

The severe drought and dust storms of the 1930s devastated agriculture, leading to crop failures and widespread migration.

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WPA and CCC: What's the difference?

Both were New Deal programs providing jobs. The WPA focused on a wide range of projects, including schools and roads, while the CCC concentrated on conservation tasks like building parks and planting trees.

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NYA's Focus

The National Youth Administration focused on providing work and education for young Americans, offering part-time jobs to students and job training to unemployed youth.

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How did the Stock Market Crash impact the US?

The crash triggered the Great Depression, leading to widespread economic hardship, bank failures, and a significant drop in consumer spending.

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What was the Lend-Lease Program?

A program established in 1941 to provide military aid to Allied nations during World War II by supplying them with weapons and resources.

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Cold War

A period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union from 1947 to 1991, marked by rivalry and ideological conflict.

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What did the Berlin Wall symbolize?

A barrier built in 1961 to separate East and West Berlin, representing the division of Europe and the ideological clash during the Cold War.

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What was the Red Scare?

A period of intense fear of communist infiltration in the United States during the late 1940s and 1950s, leading to suspicion and persecution of individuals suspected of communist ties.

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What was Title VII?

A 1964 law prohibiting discrimination in employment based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

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What was Title IX?

A 1972 law prohibiting sex-based discrimination in education programs that receive federal funding.

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What was the legacy of Baker v. Carr and Reynolds v. Sims?

These landmark Supreme Court cases in the 1960s established the principle of 'one person, one vote,' requiring equal representation in legislative districts and ending the practice of malapportionment.

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Barbara Jordan

The first African American woman from the South elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1972, representing Texas.

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Democrat Dominance in Texas

During the mid-20th century, the Democratic Party held a strong majority in Texas politics.

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Challenges to Traditional Institutions

The mid-20th century saw social and political changes in Texas that challenged the established norms and status quo.

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What were some social and political changes that challenged traditional institutions in Texas?

The mid-20th century saw significant social and political changes in Texas, including the rise of the Civil Rights Movement, the growth of urban areas, and economic shifts from agriculture to industry. These changes challenged established social, political, and economic norms.

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What role did Barbara Jordan play in Texas politics?

As the first African American woman from the South elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, Barbara Jordan from Texas played a pivotal role in breaking down barriers and advocating for social justice in the 1970s.

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Sarah Weddington

A lawyer who argued the landmark case Roe v. Wade, which legalized abortion nationwide.

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Ann Richards

The first female governor of Texas, serving from 1991 to 1995.

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Blacks' Contributions in Texas

African Americans have made significant contributions to civil rights and cultural development in Texas, playing a vital role in shaping the state's history and society.

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Mexican-Texans in Texas

Mexican-Texans have made significant cultural and economic contributions to Texas. Their presence has shaped the state's identity and influenced its development.

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Women's Roles in Texas

Women in Texas have been increasingly active in politics and social movements, advocating for their rights and challenging traditional gender roles.

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Challenges to Democrat Elites

Various groups and political movements have opposed the Democrat establishment in Texas, reflecting a changing political landscape.

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What are some challenges faced by Democrat Elites in Texas?

Democrat Elites in Texas have faced challenges from various groups, including Mexican-Texans, women who are increasingly active in politics, and other political movements seeking change.

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How have Mexican-Texans contributed to Texas?

Mexican-Texans have contributed significantly to Texas's culture and economy, enriching the state's heritage and contributing to its prosperity.

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One district per county

Each county in Texas was assigned one legislative district, ensuring that every county had representation in the state legislature. This policy reflected the principle of equal representation.

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Texas Legislative District

A geographical area within Texas represented by a single legislator in the state legislature. Each county in Texas had its own legislative district under the 'One district per county' policy.

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Equal Representation

The idea that every county in Texas had the same amount of representation in the state legislature, with one district representing each county. This policy aimed to ensure fair representation for all.

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County's Role in Texas Politics

Counties held significant political power in early 20th century Texas, as every county under the policy had its own legislative district, ensuring their individual representation in the state legislature.

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Texas Legislative Districts: Change over Time

The 'One district per county' policy eventually transitioned to a more complex system with multi-county districts, reflecting changes in population distribution and political power.

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Berlin Wall

A barrier constructed in 1961 to separate East and West Berlin, symbolizing the division between communist and capitalist ideologies during the Cold War.

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Red Scare

A period of intense fear of communism in the United States, particularly during the late 1940s and 1950s, leading to suspicion and persecution of suspected communists.

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Containment

A U.S. policy aimed at preventing the spread of communism around the world.

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Red Scare's impact on Texas

The Red Scare heightened suspicion and persecution of individuals suspected of communist ties in Texas, reflecting the nationwide fear and paranoia.

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Coke Stevenson

Governor of Texas from 1941 to 1947, known for his leadership during World War II

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Beauford Jester

Governor of Texas from 1947 to 1949. He oversaw the transition from war to peace

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Allan Shivers

Governor of Texas from 1949 to 1957. He oversaw the state's rapid industrialization.

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Who influenced the growth of Texas during the mid-20th century?

The governors, including Coke Stevenson, Beauford Jester, and Allan Shivers, shaped Texas's transition from war to peace, industrialization, and economic growth.

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What were the key changes in Texas during the mid-20th century?

Texas experienced major changes during this period including World War II, a shift from an agricultural to an industrial economy, and the rise of new cities and industries.

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James Earl Rudder

A former Army officer who later became the president of Texas A&M University.

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Dorie Miller

A brave African American sailor who defended Pearl Harbor during the Japanese attack, earning a Navy Cross for his heroism.

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World War II Impact

A global conflict that caused major changes for many nations, including Texas, with widespread involvement in the war effort.

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Texans in World War II

Many Texans served in the military and contributed to the war effort in various ways.

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Texan Contributions to WWII

Texans contributed to the war effort by serving in the military, supporting the war industry, and participating in civilian efforts.

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James V. Allred

Governor of Texas from 1935 to 1939, known for implementing New Deal programs in the state.

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W. Lee 'Pappy' O'Daniel

Governor of Texas from 1939 to 1941, known for his career as a radio host and flour salesman.

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Bonnie & Clyde Era

This infamous criminal duo operated in the 1930s, carrying out bank robberies and murders.

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FDIC Purpose

The Federal Depositors Insurance Corporation, established in 1933, ensures bank deposits, restoring trust in the banking system during the Depression.

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Bonnie & Clyde Legacy

The duo became folk heroes during the Great Depression, symbolizing rebellion against the economic hardships.

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NAACP & LULAC

Organizations that provided support and advocacy for marginalized communities during the Great Depression, particularly addressing racial inequality and economic hardship.

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Tuskegee Airmen

African American military pilots who served in World War II, fighting for their country despite facing racial discrimination.

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Impact of World War II on Texas

Texas experienced significant changes due to the war effort, with many Texans serving in the military and contributing to the war industries.

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Texas Governors During Transformation

Governors like Coke Stevenson, Beauford Jester, and Allan Shivers guided Texas through a period of significant change, transforming the state from a rural economy to a more industrialized one.

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Study Notes

Stock Market Crash of 1929

  • Date: October 29, 1929 (Black Tuesday)
  • Causes: Speculation, low wages, debt, struggling agriculture, and unliquidated bank loans
  • Effects: Triggered the Great Depression, causing economic hardship, bank failures, and reduced consumer spending

Community Organizations in Texas during the Depression

  • Examples: NAACP, LULAC
  • Activities: Provided support and advocacy for marginalized communities, addressing racial inequality and economic hardship

The Ripple Effect of Unemployment

  • Economic Impact: Reduced consumer spending, decreased demand, and further job losses
  • Social Impact: Increased poverty, income inequality, social unrest, and mental health issues

The Dust Bowl

  • Period: 1930s
  • Causes: Severe drought and poor dryland farming methods
  • Effects: Massive dust storms, agricultural collapse, and migration of farmers

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

  • Presidency: 32nd President (1933-1945)
  • Key Achievements: Guided the country through the Great Depression and World War II, implemented the New Deal

The New Deal

  • Purpose: Address the Great Depression through relief, recovery, and reform
  • Key Programs: Social Security, National Labor Relations Act, WPA, CCC, among others

Civil Works Administration (CWA)

  • Established: 1933
  • Purpose: Create temporary jobs (winter 1933-34)
  • Achievements: Employed over 4 million, built roads and schools

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

  • Established: 1935
  • Purpose: Provide jobs and income for Americans
  • Achievements: Built schools, hospitals, roads, and supported the arts

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

  • Established: 1933
  • Purpose: Provide work for young men in conservation projects
  • Achievements: Planted trees, built parks, and improved public lands

National Youth Administration (NYA)

  • Established: 1935
  • Purpose: Provide work and education for young Americans
  • Achievements: Offered part-time jobs to students and job training

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

  • Established: 1933
  • Purpose: Boost agricultural prices by reducing surpluses
  • Achievements: Paid farmers to reduce crop area, aiming to stabilize prices

Federal Depositors Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

  • Established: 1933
  • Purpose: Insure bank deposits to restore trust
  • Achievements: Provided stability to the banking system and protected depositors

Bonnie and Clyde

  • Era: 1930s
  • Activities: Infamous criminals involved in bank robberies and murders
  • Legacy: Became folk heroes during the Great Depression

Kilgore Oil Discovery, 1930

  • Event: Oil discovery in Kilgore, Texas
  • Impact: Led to an oil boom, boosting the local economy

James V. Allred

  • Role: Texas Governor (1935-1939)
  • Achievements: Implemented New Deal programs in Texas

W. Lee “Pappy” O’Daniel

  • Role: Texas Governor (1939-1941)
  • Background: Radio host and flour salesman

Lend-Lease Program

  • Established: 1941
  • Purpose: Provide military aid to Allied nations during World War II
  • Impact: Strengthened the Allied war efforts

World War II

  • Period: 1939-1945
  • Impact: Global conflict involving major world powers

Texans in World War II

  • Contributions: Many Texans served in the military and supported the war effort

Texas Women in World War II

  • Roles: Worked in factories, served in the military, and supported the home front

Dorie Miller

  • Role: African American sailor who heroically defended Pearl Harbor

Chester Nimitz

  • Role: Fleet Admiral, key role in the Pacific Theater

Audie Murphy

  • Role: Highly decorated American soldier and actor

James Earl Rudder ‘32

  • Role: Army officer and Texas A&M University president

Oveta Culp Hobby

  • Role: Director of the Women's Army Corps during World War II

Dwight D. Eisenhower

  • Role: Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force in Europe

The Tuskegee Airmen

  • Role: African American military pilots

Postwar Industrialization in Texas

  • Impact: Rapid industrial growth and economic development after World War II

The Interstate Highway System

  • Established: 1956
  • Purpose: Created a nationwide network of highways

The Cold War

  • Period: 1947-1991
  • Description: Geopolitical tension between the Soviet Union and the United States

The Berlin Wall

  • Constructed: 1961
  • Purpose: Separated East and West Berlin

The Red Scare

  • Period: Late 1940s to 1950s
  • Description: Fear of communism in the United States

Containment

  • Policy: U.S. strategy to prevent the spread of communism

How did the Red Scare Impact Texas?

  • Impact: Heightened suspicion and persecution of suspected communists

Heman Sweatt

  • Role: African American civil rights activist, challenged segregation in higher education

The Texas City Disaster 1947

  • Event: Massive explosion in Texas City, Texas
  • Impact: One of the deadliest industrial accidents

Coke Stevenson

  • Role: Texas Governor (1941-1947)

Beauford Jester

  • Role: Texas Governor (1947-1949)

Senate Election of 1948

  • Event: Controversial election between Lyndon B. Johnson and Coke Stevenson

Allan Shivers

  • Role: Texas Governor (1949-1957)

Democrat Party controls Texas politics

  • Period: Mid-20th century
  • Description: Dominance of the Democratic Party in Texas

One district per county

  • Policy: Each Texas county had its own legislative district

Legacy of Baker v. Carr (1962) and Reynolds v. Sims (1964)

  • Impact: Established "one person, one vote" in legislative representation

Challenges to the Democrat Elites in Texas

  • Description: Rising opposition from various groups and political movements

Mexican-Texans

  • Contributions: Significant cultural and economic impact

Women

  • Roles: Increasing involvement in politics and social movements

Title VII

  • Established: 1964
  • Purpose: Prohibited employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin

Title IX

  • Established: 1972
  • Purpose: Prohibited sex-based discrimination in federally funded education programs

Sarah Weddington

  • Role: Attorney who argued the landmark case Roe v. Wade

Ann Richards

  • Role: Governor of Texas (1991-1995)

Blacks

  • Contributions: Significant contributions to civil rights and cultural development

Civil Rights Movement in Texas

  • Period: 1950s-1960s
  • Description: Efforts to end racial segregation and discrimination

Barbara Jordan

  • Role: First African American woman from the South elected to the U.S. House of Representatives

Democrat Control in Texas Politics

  • Period: Mid-20th century
  • Description: Continued dominance of the Democratic Party

Challenges to Traditional Institutions in Texas

  • Description: Social and political changes challenging established norms

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Explore key events and their effects during the Great Depression, including the stock market crash of 1929, the Dust Bowl, and unemployment dynamics. Learn about community organizations in Texas that provided support and advocacy during this challenging era. Understand the socio-economic changes that shaped responses to these crises.

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