Gravitational Force and Newton's Observations

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Questions and Answers

What happens to an object when its density is less than the density of the fluid it is submerged in?

  • It floats on the surface. (correct)
  • It remains suspended in the fluid.
  • It sinks to the bottom.
  • It experiences no force.

According to Archimedes' principle, what is the upward buoyant force experienced by a submerged object equal to?

  • The volume of the object.
  • The weight of the object.
  • The density of the object.
  • The weight of the fluid displaced. (correct)

How is pressure defined in a physical context?

  • Force divided by area. (correct)
  • Area multiplied by density.
  • Force multiplied by area.
  • Weight divided by volume.

Why do sharp tools like knives and nails effectively penetrate surfaces?

<p>They increase the overall pressure applied. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of distributing weight over a larger area, such as in building foundations?

<p>Reduced pressure and prevention of sinking. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does gravitational force depend on?

<p>The product of the masses of two objects and the distance between them (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the gravitational force behave with respect to altitude?

<p>It decreases with altitude (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is weight a measure of?

<p>The force of gravity acting on an object's mass (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of gravitational acceleration is consistent for all objects in free fall?

<p>It is equal to $9.8 ext{ m/s}^2$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about mass and weight is correct?

<p>Mass is constant, but weight varies based on location (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the universal law of gravitation explain regarding the motion of celestial bodies?

<p>It describes the attraction between planets and their moons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of Newton's observations about gravity's role on Earth?

<p>An apple falling is due to Earth's gravitational attraction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the gravitational pull of the Moon influence Earth's oceans?

<p>It causes tides (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Gravitational Force

The force of attraction between any two objects with mass.

Universal Law of Gravitation

More massive objects and closer objects attract each other with more force. This force gets weaker as distance increases.

Weight

The force of gravity on an object's mass.

Mass

The amount of matter in an object.

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Free Fall

Falling only due to the force of gravity.

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Acceleration due to Gravity (g)

The rate at which an object speeds up while falling.

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Newton's Observation

The Earth's gravity pulls objects towards it.

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Celestial bodies

Objects in space like planets and stars that are pulled together by gravitation.

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Buoyancy

The upward force exerted by a fluid on objects submerged in it. This force determines whether an object floats or sinks based on its density compared to the fluid.

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Archimedes' Principle

The upward buoyant force acting on an object submerged in a fluid is equivalent to the weight of the fluid displaced by that object.

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Density and Buoyancy

An object floats if its density is less than the fluid's density. If the object's density is greater, it sinks.

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Pressure

Force exerted per unit area.

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Pressure and Surface Area

Pressure increases when force is applied over a smaller area. Wide structures distribute weight over a larger area, reducing pressure.

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Study Notes

Gravitational Force

  • Every object in the universe attracts every other object.
  • Attraction is directly proportional to the product of their masses.
  • Attraction is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers.
  • Force equation: F = G * M * m / d² , where G is the gravitational constant (6.67 x 10⁻¹¹ Nm²/kg²), M and m are the masses of the objects, and d is the distance between their centers.
  • Explains interactions between celestial bodies (e.g., Earth, Moon, Sun).

Newton's Observations

  • Objects on Earth (like apples) are attracted by Earth's gravity.
  • This same force keeps the Moon in orbit around Earth.
  • Gravity acts as a centripetal force, preventing celestial bodies from drifting in straight lines.
  • Led to the universal law of gravitation.

Importance of Gravitation

  • Holds objects to Earth's surface.
  • Controls planetary and lunar orbits.
  • Causes tides (due to Moon and Sun's gravitational pull on Earth’s oceans).
  • Strength varies with altitude and location on Earth (stronger at poles, weaker at equator).

Weight and Mass

  • Mass is an object's inertia (stays constant).
  • Weight is the force of gravity acting on an object's mass (Weight = mass * gravity).
  • Weight varies depending on gravitational acceleration (g).
  • Moon's g is 1/6th of Earth's g, so objects weigh less there.

Free Fall

  • Free fall occurs when objects fall solely under gravity.
  • Acceleration due to gravity (g = 9.8 m/s²) is the same for all objects (ignoring air resistance).
  • Air resistance influences the fall rate of objects (e.g., crumpled paper vs. flat sheet).

Buoyancy

  • Buoyancy is an upward force exerted by a fluid on submerged objects.
  • Objects float if density is less than the fluid's density; sink if greater.
  • Explains why corks float and iron sinks.
  • Explains why ships float despite made from heavy materials.

Archimedes' Principle

  • Immersed body experiences upward buoyant force equal to the weight of fluid displaced.
  • Foundation for ship, submarine design.
  • Explains why objects feel lighter in water.

Pressure

  • Pressure = Force / Area
  • Increased force over a smaller area leads to higher pressure (sharper tools).
  • Wide structures like building foundations distribute weight to lower pressure (prevent sinking).

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