Graphic Image & Data Representation MMA 113

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following are bitmap file types?

.eps

.cdr

.png (correct)

.jpg (correct)

What is the main advantage of vector graphics?

More color depth

Resolution dependent

Can be resized without losing quality (correct)

Larger file size

Bitmap images are resolution independent.

False

What does bit depth refer to?

Color information stored in an image. Signup and view all the answers

Which file format is typically used for vector graphics?

.ai Signup and view all the answers

In a 24-bit image, each pixel is represented by _____ bytes.

three Signup and view all the answers

Dithering is used to create patterns of dots for printing on a 1-bit printer.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum number of colors a 24-bit image can represent?

16,777,216 Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of compression with their characteristics:

Lossy Compression = Quality of data degrades significantly Lossless Compression = No data loss during compression Run Length Coding = Replaces identical values with codes General-purpose Compression = Used for various multimedia formats Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms related to data compression with their definitions:

Compression Ratio = The relationship of original size to compressed size Encoding Algorithm = Converts data to a readable format Encryption Algorithm = Makes data undecipherable without a key Bandwidth = Amount of data transferred per time unit Signup and view all the answers

Match the examples of file types with their common compression type:

JPEG = Lossy Compression PNG = Lossless Compression MP3 = Lossy Compression ZIP = Lossless Compression Signup and view all the answers

Match the main goals of data compression with their purposes:

Storage Optimization = Reduce file size for efficient storage Data Transmission = Save time during file transfer Multimedia Applications = Facilitate streaming and playback Data Accessibility = Ensure data remains retrievable without loss Signup and view all the answers

Match the method of compression with its extent of data reduction:

Lossy Compression = Greater extent of reduction Lossless Compression = Minimal to no reduction Run Length Coding = Specific to identical sequential values Chroma Subsampling = Used to reduce color detail in images Signup and view all the answers

Match the following lossless compression methods with their descriptions:

Run Length Coding = Encodes sequences of identical symbols as a single value and count Huffman Coding = Uses variable-length codes based on symbol frequencies Lempel–Ziv–Welch (LZW) = Dictionary-based compression method for data Arithmetic Coding = Encodes entire messages into single numbers by representing probabilities Signup and view all the answers

Match the following characteristics of JPEG with their advantages:

Portability = Highly compressible for easy uploading and storage Compatibility = Works with almost all devices and software Vibrant = Supports 24-bit color with millions of colors Variable Compression = Flexible compression levels according to application needs Signup and view all the answers

Match the following aspects of video compression with their definitions:

Removing repetitive frames = Eliminates unnecessary data for efficiency Video encoding = Prepares video data for storage or transmission Containers = File formats that hold encoded and compressed video Compression = Reduces file size while trying to maintain quality Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of image compression with their characteristics:

Lossless Compression = No data loss occurs during compression Lossy Compression = Some data is permanently lost for smaller file size JPEG = A widely used lossy image format GIF = A lossless format that supports simple animations Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to compression with their descriptions:

Bit Depth = The number of bits used to represent the color of a pixel Resolution = The detail an image holds, defined by width x height Bandwidth = The amount of data transmitted in a given time File Extension = Suffix indicating the format of a file for identification Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Graphic Image & Data Representation

Bitmap vs. Vector Graphics
- Bitmap (BMP) represents images using a grid of pixels; each pixel has a specific value for color/display.
- Vector graphics consist of 2D points connected by lines and curves, maintaining image quality when resized.
Common Vector Formats
- Encapsulated PostScript (EPS), Adobe Illustrator (.ai), CorelDraw (.cdr), Drawing Interchange Format (DXF), and Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) are prevalent vector formats.
Bitmap Characteristics
- Bitmap file types include .jpg, .gif, .png, .tiff, and .psd.
- Bitmap images are resolution-dependent; resizing diminishes quality.
- More suitable for photographs due to detail and complexity.
Vector Characteristics
- Vector file types include .ps, .eps, .svf, .ai, .cdr, and .svg.
- Resolution-independent; can resize without losing quality.
- File size is typically smaller than that of bitmap images.
- Ideal for logos, icons, and clipart due to scalability.
Bit Depth
- Bit depth determines the color information in an image; higher bit depth allows for more colors.
- Monochrome images use 1-bit (2 colors) to higher depths like 24-bit (16,777,216 colors).
Examples of Bit Depth
- 1-bit: 2 gray levels
- 8-bit: 256 possible colors
- 24-bit: RGB representation with 3 bytes, allowing for 16,777,216 possible colors.
- 32-bit images often add an alpha channel for transparency effects.
Dithering
- Dithering creates patterns in 1-bit images to represent varying gray levels from 0 to 255.
- Useful for simulating colors on printers that can only print in monochrome.

Overview of Compression

Data compression reduces the number of bits needed to represent data, optimizing storage and transmission.
Its primary purposes include maximizing bandwidth usage and saving disk space.

Importance of Data Compression

Storage benefits from reducing file size, making it efficient to store many files.
Data transmission is streamlined by minimizing the time needed to transfer files.

Key Components of Data Compression

Encoding Algorithm: Converts data into a readable format for systems and processes.
Encryption Algorithm: Makes data unreadable without special keys or algorithms, ensuring security.

Compression Ratio

Expressed as a ratio (e.g., 50:1, 15:1); indicates the reduction in file size.
Higher compression ratios lead to smaller files but can degrade quality.

Lossy Compression

Removes non-essential parts of data, allowing for significant file size reduction.
Commonly used in video and image formats, e.g., JPEG, which achieves high compression levels.
Quality degradation occurs with increased compression.

Lossless Compression

Retains all original data, allowing recovery without quality loss.
Run Length Coding: A specific lossless method that encodes consecutive identical values; e.g., "AAABBCDDDD" becomes "3A2B1C4D".
Other methods include:
- Variable-length Coding: Encodes into varying output symbols.
- Huffman Coding: A popular lossless compression method.
- Dictionary Based Coding: Includes Lempel–Ziv–Welch (LZW).
- Arithmetic Coding: Often outperforms Huffman coding in practical applications.

Image Compression Standards

Reduces the file size of graphics without unacceptable loss in quality.
Increases storage efficiency, allowing for more images in limited space.
Provides bandwidth efficiency when images are transmitted online.

Significance of JPEG

Portability: Highly compressible, making it ideal for web uploads.
Compatibility: Works across nearly all devices and software.
Color Depth: Supports 24-bit color, enabling vibrant images.
Variable Compression: Offers flexible compression levels to fit application needs.

Video Compression

Involves eliminating repetitive frames and unnecessary data to reduce file size.
Often combined with video encoding to enhance video quality.
Encoded and compressed videos are saved in containers identifiable by file extensions.

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts in graphic image and data representation, including bitmap versus vector graphics, bit depth, dithering techniques, and various image formats. Test your understanding of how these elements contribute to computer graphics.