Graph Types and Variables Quiz

As one increases the other increases at the same rate.

Factor that is tested in an experiment; what the researcher tests/changes/manipulates; "cause"

Factor that depends on the change that was made; what is measured; "effect" of experiment

Same chemical formula but different arrangement of the atoms and different properties of molecules

Separation of charge; two opposite "poles" or "ends" to the molecule Slightly negative oxygen of one water attracts to slightly positive hydrogen of another water => Hydrogen Bond Cohesion - attraction of like molecules (Water hydrogen bonding to other water molecules)

property of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force, due to the cohesive nature of its molecules; tendency of liquid surfaces to shrink into the minimum surface area possible

Water and xylem are polar and attract to each other due to the charges - adhesion Water hydrogen bonds to other water - cohesion Water is able to move up the plant due to these forces and the transpirational pull and water potential

Primary Structure: amino acid sequence/polypeptide chain Secondary Structure: alpha helices or beta sheets due to hydrogen bonding Tertiary Structure - 3D folding due to interactions between side chains/R groups of amino acids Quaternary Structure - protein consisting of multiple polypeptide chains

Increases stability of the protein

Deoxyribose Sugar vs. Ribose Double Strand vs Single Strand A, T, C, G vs A, U, C, G DNA stores and transmits genetic information RNA has 3 forms that help to make proteins

Remove water to make them, Add water to break them Dehydration Synthesis - remove water to join monomers to form a polymer Hydrolysis - add water to break a polymer into its monomers

Carbs: 1C:2H:1O Lipids: CHO and sometimes P Proteins: CHONS Nucleic Acids: CHONP

Some macromolecules are broken down and those elements can be used to build other macromolecules for the organism Organisms can take up various nutrients and molecules from the environment and incorporate them into macromolecules

Carbs: Monomer - Monosaccharide; Functions - Preferred Energy, Structure, Cell Identification; Examples - Glucose, Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, Chitin Lipids: No true monomer but glycerol and fatty acids in most; Function - long term energy storage, insulation, cell membranes, etc.; Examples - Phospholipids, oils, waxes, fats, etc. Proteins - Monomer - Amino Acids; Many functions including enzymes; Examples: Catalase, Keratin, Hemoglobin Nucleic Acid: Monomer - Nucleotide; Stores Genetic Info and help to make proteins; DNA/RNA

Saturated Fatty Acids - all single bonds between the carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain; straight chains Unsaturated Fatty Acids - at least one double bond between the carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain; branched chains Saturated fatty acids pack together since all straight chains and form solids at room temp Unsaturated fatty acids cannot pack together since some branched chains and form liquids at room temp

N, O, F (esp. N and O)

An electronegative atom has a higher affinity for electrons and does not share them equally so that atom will have a slightly negative charge and bond to the slight positive charge of another molecule to create hydrogen bonds

Hydrophobic - nonpolar; repels water Hydrophilic - polar; attracted to water Proteins are usually in aqueous environments so the hydrophobic regions/amino acids usually face within the folded tertiary structure whereas the hydrophilic amino acids are towards the outside

Both mitochondria and chloroplast have their own DNA (circular DNA like bacteria) Both can duplicate themselves using similar method as prokaryotes Both have double membranes Both similar in size and shape to prokaryotes

Eukaryotic Cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles Prokaryotic Cells have a nucleoid region but no nuclear membrane surrounding the DNA and no membrane-bound organelles Prokaryotic Cells are Bacterial Cells

Smaller cells generally have a larger surface to volume ratio which is why many cells tend to be small Cells need enough surface area for nutrients to diffuse into the cell and for wastes to leave the cell to support the volume of the cell As cells increase in size, the surface area to volume ratio decreases since volume increases faster than surface area... cells cannot get in enough nutrients and get rid of wastes quickly enough

Passive: movement of substances from high to low concentration (w/ the concentration gradient); no ATP energy is required Active: movement of substances from low to high concentrations (against the concentration gradient); ATP energy required

Diffusion: movement of substances from a high to low concentration Osmosis: diffusion of water Facilitated diffusion: movement of substances from a high to low concentration through a protein (either channel or carrier)

Water passes through using aquaporin proteins as a channel It is small enough to freely pass through the membrane as well but that diffusion is too slow to supply the cell with all the water needed

Sodium - Potassium Pump: 3Na+ ions out for every 2K+ ions in (Ex: used to return membrane potential to resting after nerve impulse in neuron) Exocytosis - vesicle containing materials to exit cell fuse with cell membrane and release the contents of vesicle Endocytosis - cell membrane engulf substances and bring them inside the cell using vesicles

Small, nonpolar (lipid-soluble) molecules Uncharged These molecules will not attract to the polar heads of the phospholipids and will pass easily through the bilayer

Large, Polar Molecules Charged Molecules Due to partial charges or charges on the molecules, they will attract to and interact with the polar head of the phospholipid which will prevent them from easily passing through. Some are also too large to pass. Proteins have various hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions that allow them to transverse the membrane

Stomata closing would decrease transpiration because that is where the water evaporates Increasing water potential in the atmosphere would decrease transpiration because water moves from a high to low water potential Increasing water potential in the soil would increase transpiration since water moves from high to low water potential Temperature, Light, Wind and Humidity also affect transpiration - Review Lab

Hypertonic solution: Solute concentrations are higher outside of the cell and water is lower so water is higher inside the cell and moves out causing the cell to shrivel/shrink Isotonic Solution: Solute concentrations and water concentrations are equal inside and outside the cell. There is no net movement of water Hypotonic Solution: Solute concentration is less outside the cell and water is higher so water moves in and the cell swells

To find the sucrose concentration of our carrots and potatoes when they were isotonic with the solution, we found where the line crossed zero for percent change in mass. That sucrose molarity is the solute concentration of the cells.

Phospholipids make up the bulk of the membrane. The bilayer forms because the polar phosphate heads of the phospholipids are hydrophilic and arrange themselves so they are toward the water whereas the nonpolar, hydrophobic fatty acid tails point inward away from the water. The cell membrane is a mosaic because of all the other components: cholesterol, many different proteins, glycolipids, glycoproteins The membrane is fluid and the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids matters

Look at the graphs to the left and describe/explain how each factor affects enzyme activity and why.

The active site of an enzyme is specific to a particular substrate like a lock fits a specific key The amino acids of the enzyme have specific charges and properties that attract the substrate and cause an induced fit for the best possible environment for the chemical reaction to occur

Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy through induced fit and providing optimal environmental conditions for the chemical reaction (particularly for the transition state of the reactants to break the bonds and rearrange the atoms).

A competitive inhibitor competes for access to the active site of the enzyme with the substrate. If there is more competitive inhibitor than substrate, it is more likely to bind and decrease enzyme activity. An allosteric inhibitor binds to another site other than the active site, changing the shape of the enzyme's active site so that the substrate cannot bind

If more substrate is present it is more likely to outcompete the competitive inhibitor

Given off as heat energy

Removing a phosphate from ATP and phosphorylating a molecule provides energy for cellular work Coupling the hydrolysis of ATP (Exergonic) with an endergonic reaction, makes the overall reaction spontaneous and occur

See photos to left for equation. 2 Stages: Light-dependent reactions in the thylakoids of chloroplast and Light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle) in stroma of chloroplast

see photo for equation 4 Stages: Glycolysis in the Cytoplasm, Link Reaction in Mitochondria, Krebs Cycle in Mitochondrial Matrix and Electron Transport Chain in Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

That is the color we see. That wavelength is not absorbed by the molecule.

If a bacterium is exposed to a different wavelength of light that it does not typically absorb but instead reflects, then some have the ability to adjust to making a different pigment so it can absorb that wavelength to acquire the energy needed for survival

Both utilize an electron transport chain to generate a proton gradient. That gradient provides the potential energy needed to produce ATP using ATP Synthase as the hydrogen ions flow back through the enzyme. One difference is the source of the electrons. In Photosynthesis the electrons come from the chlorophyll molecules and NADP+ is the final electron acceptor. In Cellular Respiration, NADH and FADH2 carry the electrons to the ETC and contribute the electrons that provide the energy to pump the hydrogen ions to form the gradient. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor.

Glycolysis - NAD+ → NADH Krebs Cycle - NAD+ → NADH and FAD+ → FADH2

ATP and NADPH

Recall: We had to add KOH to react with the Carbon Dioxide produced to decrease the pressure inside of the respirometer so the small bit of color water would move up the pipette to show oxygen consumption. Recall: Germinating seeds consumed more oxygen than non-germinatong seeds. Recall: In the virtual lab, seeds in the cold water consumed less oxygen than seeds in the warmer water.

Positive Feedback Loops/Mechanisms: process in which the end products of an action cause more of that action to occur in a feedback loop; This amplifies the original action Ex: process of labor and childbirth, blood clotting, fruit ripening Negative Feedback Loops/Mechanisms: the end results of an action inhibit that action from continuing to occur; return to set point Ex: many hormone loops (i.e., blood glucose levels, ADH and water regulation, TSH/Thyroxine; Calcitonin and PTH; etc.)

Evidence for evolutionary relatedness