Graph Types and Variables Quiz

<p>Dual Y</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Box and Whisker Plot</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pie</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As one variable increases, the other variable increases at the same rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The factor that is tested, manipulated, or changed by the researcher.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Molecules with the same chemical formula but different arrangements of atoms, resulting in different properties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrogen bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The attraction between like molecules, specifically water molecules attracting to other water molecules due to hydrogen bonding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Surface tension is the property of a liquid's surface that allows it to resist an external force. It is caused by the cohesive forces between liquid molecules, specifically water molecules, due to hydrogen bonding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water molecules are polar and are attracted to the xylem (water-conducting tissue) in plants due to their polarity and hydrogen bonding. This attraction is called adhesion. Also, water molecules hydrogen bond to other water molecules (cohesion), allowing them to move up the xylem as a cohesive column. These forces, along with the transpirational pull and water potential, enable water to move upward against gravity in plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pentary</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrogen bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interactions between the side chains (R groups) of amino acids, such as hydrogen bonds, ionic interactions, hydrophobic interactions, and disulfide bridges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains (subunits) in a protein that has multiple subunits to form a functional protein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cysteine amino acids can form disulfide bridges with other cysteine residues, which contribute to the stability of the protein's tertiary and quaternary structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above are differences between DNA and RNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dehydration synthesis is a process that removes a water molecule to join monomers (small building blocks) together to form a polymer (a larger chain of monomers). Hydrolysis adds a water molecule to break a polymer into its individual monomers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>C, H, O</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>C, H, O, N, P</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>C, H, O, N</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>C, H, O, N, P</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Macromolecules can be broken down into their individual monomers through hydrolysis, and those monomers can then be used to build other macromolecules for the organism's use. Organisms can also obtain essential nutrients and molecules from their environment and incorporate them into their macromolecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vitamins</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The basic monomer unit of carbohydrates is a monosaccharide. Examples of carbohydrates include glucose, starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lipids are primarily composed of glycerol and fatty acids, though some have variations, including phospholipids. Examples of lipids include fats, oils, waxes, and phospholipids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The monomer unit of proteins is an amino acid. Some examples of proteins include catalase, keratin, and hemoglobin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The monomer unit of nucleic acids is a nucleotide. The two main types of nucleic acids are DNA and RNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above are differences between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>N, O, F</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When an electronegative atom, like oxygen, forms a bond with a less electronegative atom, like hydrogen, the electrons are not shared equally. This creates a partial negative charge on the electronegative atom and a partial positive charge on the less electronegative atom. These partial charges allow for the formation of weak electrostatic interactions called hydrogen bonds between molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In an aqueous environment, hydrophobic amino acids, which are nonpolar and repel water, tend to cluster together in the interior of the folded protein structure. On the other hand, hydrophilic amino acids, which are polar and attracted to water, are more likely to be found on the exterior of the protein, interacting with the surrounding water molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of a nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smaller cells generally have a larger surface area to volume ratio compared to larger cells. This is because the volume of a cell increases more rapidly than its surface area as the cell grows. A larger surface area to volume ratio is essential for efficient nutrient uptake and waste removal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diffusion is the movement of substances from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. In the context of cell membranes, diffusion allows for the passive transport of certain molecules across the membrane, following the concentration gradient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osmosis is the specific type of diffusion that refers to the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration (lower solute concentration) to a region of lower water concentration (higher solute concentration). Unlike simple diffusion, osmosis is driven by the difference in water potential between two compartments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Facilitated diffusion is a type of passive transport that involves the movement of substances across a membrane with the assistance of transport proteins, such as channel proteins or carrier proteins. Unlike simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion requires the presence of specific proteins to enable the passage of molecules across the membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water can pass through the cell membrane using aquaporin proteins as channels. Aquaporins are specialized proteins that facilitate the rapid passage of water molecules across the membrane. While water is small enough to pass through the membrane directly, this process is too slow to meet the cell's needs for water transport. Aquaporins greatly enhance the rate of water movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sodium-potassium pump is a type of active transport protein that moves three sodium ions out of the cell for every two potassium ions it moves into the cell. This process requires energy in the form of ATP and helps to maintain the electrochemical gradient across the cell membrane, which is important for nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, and other cellular functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exocytosis is a process by which cells release substances from the inside to the outside of the cell. It involves the fusion of membrane-enclosed vesicles containing the substances with the cell membrane, releasing their contents into the extracellular space.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Small, nonpolar molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both B and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above are correct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The water potential lab with carrots and potatoes aims to determine the solute concentration of the cells. By placing the plant tissues in solutions of varying sucrose concentrations, we can observe their mass changes. When the tissue reaches an isotonic state with the solution (no net movement of water), the sucrose concentration of the solution corresponds to the solute concentration within the cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The phospholipid bilayer is the foundation of cell membranes. It consists of two layers of phospholipid molecules. Each phospholipid has a hydrophilic (water-loving) phosphate head and two hydrophobic (water-fearing) fatty acid tails. The heads face outwards towards the aqueous environment (inside and outside the cell), while the tails face inwards, forming the hydrophobic core of the membrane. This arrangement creates a barrier that allows selective passage of molecules across the membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enzyme specificity refers to the fact that enzymes bind to and catalyze reactions with very specific substrates. The active site of an enzyme is a three-dimensional region with a unique shape and chemical properties that complement the substrate's shape and charge. This 'lock-and-key' interaction ensures that the enzyme interacts with only its intended substrate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enzymes act as biological catalysts by lowering the activation energy of a chemical reaction. Activation energy is the minimum energy needed for reactants to reach a transition state where bonds break and rearrange. Enzymes achieve this by providing an optimal environment, often through an induced fit mechanism, where the active site conforms to the shape of the substrate, bringing the reactants together in a way that facilitates the reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Competitive inhibition occurs when an inhibitor molecule competes with the substrate for binding to the active site of an enzyme. Competitive inhibitors resemble the substrate and occupy the active site, preventing the substrate from binding. Allosteric inhibition, on the other hand, involves an inhibitor molecule binding to a separate site on the enzyme, called an allosteric site. The binding of the inhibitor to the allosteric site causes a conformational change in the enzyme's active site, making it less effective at binding the substrate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increasing substrate concentration can overcome competitive inhibition to some extent. When the substrate concentration is high enough, it can outcompete the inhibitor for binding to the active site, leading to a decrease in the overall inhibition effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Energy is neither created nor destroyed, as stated by the first law of thermodynamics. However, when energy is transferred, some of it becomes unavailable for useful work in a biological system. This is due to the concept of entropy, which states that energy tends to become more dispersed and less ordered. The 'lost' energy is often given off as heat energy, increasing the entropy of the system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the primary energy currency of cells. Hydrolysis of ATP involves the removal of a phosphate group (P_i) from the ATP molecule, releasing energy and forming ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and inorganic phosphate. This energy released can then be used to power various cellular processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Photosynthesis is the process by which plants and some algae and bacteria use sunlight energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose (sugar) and oxygen. It is essential for life on Earth as it provides a source of chemical energy and oxygen. The two main stages of photosynthesis are the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aerobic cellular respiration is the process by which cells break down glucose in the presence of oxygen to generate ATP. The four main stages are glycolysis, the link reaction, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The color of light reflected from a pigment molecule is the color we perceive. This means that the pigment molecule does not absorb that particular wavelength of light. For example, a green leaf reflects green light because chlorophyll absorbs other wavelengths of light, such as red and blue light, but not green light.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A photosynthetic bacterium might adjust its pigments if it encounters a different light environment that it is not optimally adapted to. For example, if a bacterium is exposed to a different wavelength of light that it typically reflects rather than absorbs, it could evolve or adjust to produce a different pigment that can absorb that wavelength of light, allowing it to acquire the energy needed for survival.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both chloroplasts and mitochondria utilize an electron transport chain to generate a proton gradient across a membrane. This proton gradient provides potential energy that is used to drive the synthesis of ATP by ATP synthase. The primary difference between the two processes lies in the source of electrons. In photosynthesis, electrons are derived from chlorophyll molecules, and NADP+ is the final electron acceptor. In cellular respiration, NADH and FADH2 carry electrons from the breakdown of glucose to the electron transport chain, and oxygen is the final electron acceptor.</p> Signup and view all the answers