49 Questions
Which type of cells are predominant in granulomatous disease?
Macrophages
What are the possible causes of granulomatous disease?
All of the above
Which pathogen is not associated with granulomatous disease?
Candida albicans
What is the mechanism of injury for Rhodococcus equi in granulomatous disease?
Lysis of the cell
Which gene allows Rhodococcus equi to survive in macrophages?
vapA gene
What is the typical cellular response in the pyogranulomatous form of granulomatous disease?
Neutrophil activation
How do foals acquire Rhodococcus equi infection?
Inhalation of the bacteria
What is the main manifestation of Rhodococcus equi infection in foals?
Bronchopneumonia
Which pathogen is associated with Johne's Disease?
Mycobacterium spp.
What is the causative agent of Johne's Disease?
Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis
Which of the following bacteria causes chronic enteritis in cattle, specifically in the ileum?
Mycobacterium bovis
Which bacteria is responsible for causing tuberculosis in cattle?
Mycobacterium bovis
Which bacteria is associated with the disease known as wooden tongue?
Actinobacillus lignieresii
Which bacteria causes the zoonotic disease known as glanders?
Burkholderia mallei
Which bacteria can cause epididymitis, placentitis, and dyscospondylitis in animals?
Brucella spp.
Which bacteria can cause inflammation in the mammary gland and pregnant uterus in sheep and goats?
Brucella spp.
Which bacteria requires a high level of iron in the tissue macrophages for growth?
Mycobacterium spp
Which bacteria is eradicated in most regions but still present in some parts of Africa, Asia, and the Middle East?
Burkholderia mallei
Which bacteria can cause pyogranulomas in the mucosa of the nasal tubinates, lung, and hair skin?
Actinobacillus lignieresii
Which bacteria can be transmitted by contact with infected tissues, secretions, or excretions such as milk, urine, fetal tissues, and placenta?
Brucella spp.
Which of the following is a characteristic of dimorphic fungi?
They exist in two forms: yeasts and branched filamentous pseudohyphal or hyphal forms
Which of the following is a characteristic of superficial mycoses?
They are usually localized and superficial but have the potential to cause systemic disease
Which of the following is a characteristic of Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus?
They are usually localized and superficial
Which of the following is a characteristic of Aspergillosis?
Glucan, melanin, and gliotoxin are important virulence factors
Which of the following is a characteristic of Cryptococcosis?
The capsule and melanin are important virulence factors
Which of the following is a characteristic of Histoplasmosis?
It is a primary pulmonary disease
What is the most common form of pathogenesis for dimorphic fungi?
Formation of granulomatous inflammation
What is the role of melanin in Cryptococcosis?
It is a powerful antioxidant and inhibits phagolysosome, increasing the survival of the fungus
What is the role of glucan in Aspergillosis?
It blocks the killing mechanisms in neutrophils and macrophages
What are the predominant cells in granulomatous disease?
Macrophages, epithelioid macrophages (activated macrophages), multinucleated giant cells.
What are the possible causes of granulomatous disease?
Microbial agents, autoimmune disease, foreign bodies, other idiopathic conditions.
Which bacteria causes pyogranulomatous bronchopneumonia in foals?
Rhodococcus equi.
What is the mechanism of injury for Rhodococcus equi in granulomatous disease?
Lysis of the cell, acidification of the phagolysosome, inhibition of phagosome-lysosome fusion, proliferation in macrophages.
What is the typical cellular response in the pyogranulomatous form of granulomatous disease?
Strong cellular cytokine response by interferon gamma to activate macrophages and abundant neutrophils.
What is the causative agent of Johne's Disease?
Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP).
What are the two forms of dimorphic fungi in their life cycle?
Yeasts and branched filamentous pseudohyphal or hyphal forms (moulds)
What are the two main types of mycoses caused by Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus?
Superficial mycoses and systemic, deep mycoses
What are the important virulence factors in aspergillosis?
Glucan, melanin, and gliotoxin
Which virulence factors are important in cryptococcosis?
Capsule and melanin
What is the primary form of histoplasmosis and how is it acquired?
Primary pulmonary disease, acquired by inhaling microconidia from the soil
What are the protective mechanisms of dimorphic fungi during the parasitic phase?
Complexity, incomplete degradation, and rapid granulomatous formation
Which molecules in aspergillosis block killing mechanisms in neutrophils and macrophages?
Glucan, melanin, and gliotoxin
What are the virulence factors in cryptococcosis that prevent phagocytosis and inhibit phagolysosome?
Capsule and melanin
What is the pathogenic process of tuberculosis?
The pathogenic process of tuberculosis requires the mycobacterium to be able to survive within the macrophages combined with a T cell immune-mediated response. This produces a high level of IFN-Y which can induce either induce mycobacterium killing or activate TNF cytokines leading to granuloma formation.
What are the virulence factors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
The virulence factors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis include cord factor, Lipoarabinomannan (LAM), and ESAT-6.
What is the causative agent of Wooden Tongue?
The causative agent of Wooden Tongue is Actinobacillus lignieresii.
What are the characteristics of Actinobacillus lignieresii?
Actinobacillus lignieresii is an aerobic, non-motile, non-spore forming, gram-negative coccobacilli.
What is the causative agent of Glanders?
The causative agent of Glanders is Burkholderia mallei.
What are the characteristics of Burkholderia mallei?
Burkholderia mallei is a non-motile, non-spore forming, weakly gram-negative bacillus.
Test your knowledge on granulomatous disease, a type of chronic inflammation characterized by the presence of macrophages, epithelioid macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells. Explore the causes, including microbial agents, autoimmune diseases, and foreign substances. Identify the different patterns of granuloma formation and understand the role of neutrophils in pyo-granulomatous reactions.
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