Grammar: Present and Past Tenses

Present Simple Vs. Present Continuous

• Present Simple

  • Used for habitual actions and routines.
  • Describes general truths or facts.
  • Structure: Subject + base form of the verb (add -s for third person singular).
  • Examples:
    • She reads every morning.
    • Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.

• Present Continuous

  • Used for actions happening at the moment of speaking.
  • Describes temporary actions or situations.
  • Structure: Subject + am/is/are + verb(-ing).
  • Examples:
    • She is reading right now.
    • They are studying for exams this week.

Past Simple Vs. Past Perfect

• Past Simple

  • Used for actions completed at a specific time in the past.
  • Structure: Subject + past form of the verb.
  • Examples:
    • I visited Paris last summer.
    • He finished his homework yesterday.

• Past Perfect

  • Used for actions completed before another action in the past.
  • Structure: Subject + had + past participle.
  • Examples:
    • She had left before I arrived.
    • They had finished dinner when we arrived.

Future Tenses

• Simple Future

  • Used for actions that will happen at a later time.
  • Structure: Subject + will + base form of the verb.
  • Examples:
    • I will call you tomorrow.
    • They will travel to Spain next year.

• Future Continuous

  • Used for actions that will be ongoing at a specific time in the future.
  • Structure: Subject + will be + verb(-ing).
  • Examples:
    • I will be working at 8 PM.
    • They will be studying when you arrive.

• Future Perfect

  • Used for actions that will be completed before a specified future time.
  • Structure: Subject + will have + past participle.
  • Examples:
    • By next year, I will have graduated.
    • They will have completed the project by Friday.

Present Simple Vs. Present Continuous

• Present simple is utilized for habitual actions, routines, and general truths.

• Structure involves subject plus the base form of the verb, adding -s for third person singular.

• Examples include daily reading habits and scientific facts, such as:

  • "She reads every morning."
  • "Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius."

• Present continuous describes actions occurring at the moment of speaking and temporary situations.

• Structure format: subject plus am/is/are plus the verb in -ing form.

• Current actions can be illustrated through examples like:

  • "She is reading right now."
  • "They are studying for exams this week."

Past Simple Vs. Past Perfect

• Past simple indicates actions that were completed at a specific time in the past.

• Formula follows: subject plus the past form of the verb.

• Examples showcase past events:

  • "I visited Paris last summer."
  • "He finished his homework yesterday."

• Past perfect signifies actions completed prior to another action in the past.

• Structure requires subject plus had plus past participle.

• Clarifying these actions can be expressed with examples such as:

  • "She had left before I arrived."
  • "They had finished dinner when we arrived."

Future Tenses

• Simple future describes actions expected to take place at a later time.

• Structure follows: subject plus will plus base form of the verb.

• Anticipated future actions are illustrated with:

  • "I will call you tomorrow."
  • "They will travel to Spain next year."

• Future continuous is used for actions that will be in progress at a certain time in the future.

• Structure involves: subject plus will be plus the verb in -ing form.

• Current ongoing future actions can be represented through examples like:

  • "I will be working at 8 PM."
  • "They will be studying when you arrive."

• Future perfect indicates actions that will be completed before a specified point in the future.

• Formulated as: subject plus will have plus past participle.

• Expected completion can be highlighted with:

  • "By next year, I will have graduated."
  • "They will have completed the project by Friday."