Grammar: Parts of Speech

Study Notes

Nouns:
- Proper nouns (names of specific people, places, organizations)
- Common nouns (general terms)
- Collective nouns (groups of people, animals, things)
Verbs:
- Action verbs (e.g. run, jump, read)
- Linking verbs (e.g. be, seem, appear)
- Helping verbs (e.g. will, would, shall)
Adjectives:
- Descriptive adjectives (e.g. big, happy, blue)
- Quantitative adjectives (e.g. three, four, five)
Adverbs:
- Manner adverbs (e.g. quickly, loudly, wisely)
- Time adverbs (e.g. yesterday, tomorrow, soon)
- Place adverbs (e.g. here, there, everywhere)
Pronouns:
- Personal pronouns (e.g. I, you, he, she, it)
- Possessive pronouns (e.g. my, your, his, her, its)
- Reflexive pronouns (e.g. myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself)

Present Simple:
- Used to describe habits, routines, and general truths
- Form: base form of verb (e.g. I go, you go, he/she/it goes)
Past Simple:
- Used to describe completed actions in the past
- Form: past tense of verb (e.g. I went, you went, he/she/it went)
Future Simple:
- Used to describe future actions or events
- Form: will + base form of verb (e.g. I will go, you will go, he/she/it will go)

Independent clauses:
- Contain a subject and a verb
- Can stand alone as a complete sentence
Dependent clauses:
- Contain a subject and a verb, but cannot stand alone
- Introduced by subordinating conjunctions (e.g. because, although, if)
Complex sentences:
- Contain an independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
Compound sentences:
- Contain two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction

Prefixes:
- Un- (opposite, e.g. unhappy)
- Re- (again, e.g. redo)
- De- (remove, e.g. defrost)
Suffixes:
- -ly (adverb, e.g. quickly)
- -ful (full of, e.g. hopeful)
- -less (without, e.g. hopeless)
Root words:
- Words that cannot be broken down further (e.g. run, happy)

Food and Drink:
- Fruits (e.g. apple, banana)
- Vegetables (e.g. carrot, broccoli)
- Meat and poultry (e.g. beef, chicken)
Family and Relationships:
- Family members (e.g. mother, father, sister)
- Friends and acquaintances (e.g. friend, colleague)
Travel and Transportation:
- Modes of transport (e.g. car, bus, train)
- Travel destinations (e.g. hotel, airport, beach)

Nouns are classified into three types: proper nouns, common nouns, and collective nouns.
Verbs are categorized into three types: action verbs, linking verbs, and helping verbs.
Adjectives are divided into two types: descriptive adjectives and quantitative adjectives.
Adverbs are classified into three types: manner adverbs, time adverbs, and place adverbs.
Pronouns are categorized into three types: personal pronouns, possessive pronouns, and reflexive pronouns.

The present simple tense is used to describe habits, routines, and general truths, and is formed using the base form of the verb.
The past simple tense is used to describe completed actions in the past, and is formed using the past tense of the verb.
The future simple tense is used to describe future actions or events, and is formed using "will" + the base form of the verb.

An independent clause contains a subject and a verb, and can stand alone as a complete sentence.
A dependent clause contains a subject and a verb, but cannot stand alone, and is introduced by a subordinating conjunction.
A complex sentence contains an independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.
A compound sentence contains two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction.

Prefixes can be added to the beginning of a word to change its meaning, such as "un-" which means opposite.
Suffixes can be added to the end of a word to change its meaning, such as "-ly" which forms an adverb.
Root words are words that cannot be broken down further, and new words can be formed by adding prefixes and suffixes to them.

Food and drink vocabulary includes words for fruits, vegetables, meat, and poultry.
Family and relationships vocabulary includes words for family members, friends, and acquaintances.
Travel and transportation vocabulary includes words for modes of transport, travel destinations, and accommodations.