Grammar: Parts of Speech

Grammar

Parts of Speech

• Nouns:
  • Proper nouns (names of specific people, places, organizations)
  • Common nouns (general terms)
  • Collective nouns (groups of people, animals, things)
• Verbs:
  • Action verbs (e.g. run, jump, read)
  • Linking verbs (e.g. be, seem, appear)
  • Helping verbs (e.g. will, would, shall)
• Adjectives:
  • Descriptive adjectives (e.g. big, happy, blue)
  • Quantitative adjectives (e.g. three, four, five)
• Adverbs:
  • Manner adverbs (e.g. quickly, loudly, wisely)
  • Time adverbs (e.g. yesterday, tomorrow, soon)
  • Place adverbs (e.g. here, there, everywhere)
• Pronouns:
  • Personal pronouns (e.g. I, you, he, she, it)
  • Possessive pronouns (e.g. my, your, his, her, its)
  • Reflexive pronouns (e.g. myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself)

Tenses

• Present Simple:
  • Used to describe habits, routines, and general truths
  • Form: base form of verb (e.g. I go, you go, he/she/it goes)
• Past Simple:
  • Used to describe completed actions in the past
  • Form: past tense of verb (e.g. I went, you went, he/she/it went)
• Future Simple:
  • Used to describe future actions or events
  • Form: will + base form of verb (e.g. I will go, you will go, he/she/it will go)

Clauses and Sentences

• Independent clauses:
  • Contain a subject and a verb
  • Can stand alone as a complete sentence
• Dependent clauses:
  • Contain a subject and a verb, but cannot stand alone
  • Introduced by subordinating conjunctions (e.g. because, although, if)
• Complex sentences:
  • Contain an independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
• Compound sentences:
  • Contain two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction

Vocabulary

Word Building

• Prefixes:
  • Un- (opposite, e.g. unhappy)
  • Re- (again, e.g. redo)
  • De- (remove, e.g. defrost)
• Suffixes:
  • -ly (adverb, e.g. quickly)
  • -ful (full of, e.g. hopeful)
  • -less (without, e.g. hopeless)
• Root words:
  • Words that cannot be broken down further (e.g. run, happy)

Common Word Categories

• Food and Drink:
  • Fruits (e.g. apple, banana)
  • Vegetables (e.g. carrot, broccoli)
  • Meat and poultry (e.g. beef, chicken)
• Family and Relationships:
  • Family members (e.g. mother, father, sister)
  • Friends and acquaintances (e.g. friend, colleague)
• Travel and Transportation:
  • Modes of transport (e.g. car, bus, train)
  • Travel destinations (e.g. hotel, airport, beach)

Grammar

Parts of Speech

• Nouns are classified into three types: proper nouns, common nouns, and collective nouns.
• Verbs are categorized into three types: action verbs, linking verbs, and helping verbs.
• Adjectives are divided into two types: descriptive adjectives and quantitative adjectives.
• Adverbs are classified into three types: manner adverbs, time adverbs, and place adverbs.
• Pronouns are categorized into three types: personal pronouns, possessive pronouns, and reflexive pronouns.

Tenses

• The present simple tense is used to describe habits, routines, and general truths, and is formed using the base form of the verb.
• The past simple tense is used to describe completed actions in the past, and is formed using the past tense of the verb.
• The future simple tense is used to describe future actions or events, and is formed using "will" + the base form of the verb.

Clauses and Sentences

• An independent clause contains a subject and a verb, and can stand alone as a complete sentence.
• A dependent clause contains a subject and a verb, but cannot stand alone, and is introduced by a subordinating conjunction.
• A complex sentence contains an independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.
• A compound sentence contains two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction.

Vocabulary

Word Building

• Prefixes can be added to the beginning of a word to change its meaning, such as "un-" which means opposite.
• Suffixes can be added to the end of a word to change its meaning, such as "-ly" which forms an adverb.
• Root words are words that cannot be broken down further, and new words can be formed by adding prefixes and suffixes to them.

Common Word Categories

• Food and drink vocabulary includes words for fruits, vegetables, meat, and poultry.
• Family and relationships vocabulary includes words for family members, friends, and acquaintances.
• Travel and transportation vocabulary includes words for modes of transport, travel destinations, and accommodations.