Grammar Parts of Speech and Tenses

Parts of Speech
- Nouns: Person, place, thing, or idea.
- Verbs: Action or state of being.
- Adjectives: Describe nouns.
- Adverbs: Modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
- Pronouns: Replace nouns (e.g., he, she, it).
- Prepositions: Show relationships between nouns/pronouns and other words.
- Conjunctions: Connect words, phrases, or clauses (e.g., and, but, or).
- Interjections: Express emotions or exclamations (e.g., wow, ouch).
Sentence Structure
- Simple: Contains one independent clause.
- Compound: Two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction.
- Complex: One independent clause and at least one dependent clause.
- Compound-Complex: At least two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.
Tenses
- Present, Past, Future: Indicate time of action.
- Present Perfect: Action completed at some point before now but still relevant.
- Past Perfect: Action completed before another past action.
- Future Perfect: Action that will be completed before a specified future time.

Word Formation
- Prefixes: Added to the beginning of a word to modify its meaning (e.g., un-, re-).
- Suffixes: Added to the end of a word (e.g., -ing, -ed).
- Root Words: The base part of a word that carries meaning.
Context Clues
- Use surrounding text to infer the meaning of unfamiliar words.
- Look for synonyms, antonyms, or explanations within the text.
Word Families
- Groups of words that share a common root, demonstrating different forms (e.g., educate, education, educational).
Synonyms and Antonyms
- Synonyms: Words with similar meanings (e.g., small - tiny).
- Antonyms: Words with opposite meanings (e.g., hot - cold).

Literary Elements
- Theme: Central idea or message in the work.
- Characterization: Development of characters, including traits and motivations.
- Setting: Time and place where the story occurs.
- Plot: Sequence of events in a story (exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, resolution).
Literary Devices
- Metaphor: Comparison without using "like" or "as."
- Simile: Comparison using "like" or "as."
- Personification: Giving human traits to non-human entities.
- Imagery: Descriptive language that evokes sensory experiences.
Genres
- Fiction: Created narratives (e.g., novels, short stories).
- Non-Fiction: Factual accounts (e.g., biographies, essays).
- Poetry: Expressive writing, often with meter and rhyme.
- Drama: Works intended for performance (e.g., plays).
Critical Perspectives
- Historical: Analyzes text within its historical context.
- Feminist: Examines gender roles and representation.
- Psychological: Explores characters' mental states and motivations.

Parts of Speech: Classification of words based on their function in a sentence; includes nouns (entities), verbs (actions/state), adjectives (descriptive), adverbs (modifiers), pronouns (noun replacements), prepositions (relationships), conjunctions (connectors), and interjections (emotional expressions).
Sentence Structure: Different types of sentence formations:
- Simple: One independent clause indicating a complete thought.
- Compound: Two or more independent clauses linked by conjunctions.
- Complex: Contains one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.
- Compound-Complex: Features multiple independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.
Tenses: Grammatical forms indicating timing of actions:
- Present, Past, Future: Basic time indicators.
- Present Perfect: Indicates completion relevant to the present.
- Past Perfect: Action completed before another past event.
- Future Perfect: Action expected to be completed by a future time.

Word Formation: Comprises components that alter words' meanings:
- Prefixes: Added to the start (e.g., un-, re-).
- Suffixes: Attached to the end (e.g., -ing, -ed).
- Root Words: The foundational part of a word conveying its primary meaning.
Context Clues: Techniques for deriving meaning of unknown words using existing text; includes searching for synonyms, antonyms, or definitions present within the passage.
Word Families: Collections of words rooted in a common base, showcasing varied forms (e.g., educate, education, educational).
Synonyms and Antonyms:
- Synonyms: Words that share akin meanings (e.g., small - tiny).
- Antonyms: Terms that convey opposing meanings (e.g., hot - cold).

Literary Elements: Essential components used in narratives:
- Theme: The underlying message or central idea.
- Characterization: The portrayal and development of characters, including their traits and motivations.
- Setting: The temporal and geographical context of the story.
- Plot: The organized sequence of events (exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, resolution).
Literary Devices: Tools used to enhance writing:
- Metaphor: Implicit comparisons.
- Simile: Explicit comparisons using "like" or "as."
- Personification: Attributing human characteristics to inanimate objects or abstract concepts.
- Imagery: Evocative descriptions that engage the senses.
Genres: Categories of literature defined by style and content:
- Fiction: Imaginative works (e.g., novels, short stories).
- Non-Fiction: Accurate representations of reality (e.g., essays, biographies).
- Poetry: Versified expressions characterized by rhythm and rhyme.
- Drama: Performance-focused works like plays.
Critical Perspectives: Various analytical approaches to literature:
- Historical: Contextual analysis based on the period of publication.
- Feminist: Investigation of gender dynamics and representation.
- Psychological: Examination of characters' inner thoughts and motivations.