Grammar: Parts of Speech and Sentence Structure

Parts of Speech:
- Noun: Person, place, thing, or idea.
- Verb: Action or state of being.
- Adjective: Describes a noun.
- Adverb: Modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb.
- Pronoun: Replaces a noun (he, she, it).
- Preposition: Shows the relationship between nouns (in, on, at).
- Conjunction: Connects words or phrases (and, but, or).
Sentence Structure:
- Simple: One independent clause.
- Compound: Two independent clauses joined by a conjunction.
- Complex: An independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.
- Compound-Complex: Two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.
Tenses:
- Present (simple, continuous, perfect)
- Past (simple, continuous, perfect)
- Future (simple, continuous, perfect)
Subject-Verb Agreement:
- Subjects must agree with their verbs in number (singular vs. plural).

Word Formation:
- Roots: Base form of a word.
- Prefixes: Added to the front (un-, re-, pre-).
- Suffixes: Added to the end (-ing, -ed, -ness).
Synonyms and Antonyms:
- Synonyms: Words with similar meanings.
- Antonyms: Words with opposite meanings.
Context Clues: Use surrounding text to deduce meanings of unfamiliar words.
Collocations: Common combinations of words (make a decision, take a risk).

Effective Communication:
- Clarity: Speak clearly and at a moderate pace.
- Tone: Use appropriate tone for the context.
- Body Language: Non-verbal cues that support communication.
Listening Skills:
- Active Listening: Fully concentrate, understand, respond, and remember.
- Note-taking: Write key points during discussions or lectures.
Conversational Skills:
- Turn-taking: Allow others to speak; don't interrupt.
- Asking Questions: Clarify and engage the speaker.

Types of Writing:
- Descriptive: Paints a picture with words.
- Narrative: Tells a story with a clear sequence.
- Expository: Explains or informs.
- Persuasive: Aims to convince the reader.
Writing Process:
- Prewriting: Brainstorming and organizing ideas.
- Drafting: Writing the initial version.
- Revising: Improving content, structure, and clarity.
- Editing: Checking grammar, punctuation, and formatting.
- Publishing: Sharing the final product.
Structure of an Essay:
- Introduction: Presents the main idea and thesis statement.
- Body: Contains supporting paragraphs with evidence.
- Conclusion: Summarizes key points and restates the thesis.
Cohesion and Coherence:
- Use linking words and phrases to connect ideas.
- Ensure a logical flow of information.

Parts of Speech include nouns (person/place/thing/idea), verbs (action/state of being), adjectives (describe nouns), adverbs (modify verbs/adjectives), pronouns (replace nouns), prepositions (show relationships between nouns), and conjunctions (connect words/phrases).
Sentence Structure types:
- Simple: Contains one independent clause.
- Compound: Two independent clauses connected by a conjunction.
- Complex: Contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.
- Compound-Complex: Combines multiple independent and dependent clauses.
Tenses encompass present (simple, continuous, perfect), past (simple, continuous, perfect), and future (simple, continuous, perfect).
Subject-Verb Agreement requires subjects to match their verbs in number (singular or plural).

Word Formation involves roots (base form), prefixes (e.g., un-, re-, pre- added at the front), and suffixes (e.g., -ing, -ed, -ness added at the end).
Synonyms are words with similar meanings, while Antonyms are words with opposite meanings.
Context Clues help deduce meanings of unfamiliar words based on surrounding text.
Collocations refer to common word combinations, such as "make a decision" and "take a risk."

Effective Communication emphasizes clarity (speaking clearly and at a moderate pace), appropriate tone for the context, and body language (supporting non-verbal cues).
Listening Skills include active listening (concentrating, understanding, responding, remembering) and note-taking (writing key points during discussions).
Conversational Skills focus on turn-taking (allowing others to speak without interruption) and asking questions to clarify or engage the speaker.

Types of Writing encompass:
- Descriptive: Creates vivid imagery.
- Narrative: Tells a story in a structured sequence.
- Expository: Explains or informs on a topic.
- Persuasive: Aims to convince the reader.
Writing Process stages are:
- Prewriting: Brainstorming and organizing.
- Drafting: Writing an initial version.
- Revising: Improving content and clarity.
- Editing: Checking grammar and formatting.
- Publishing: Sharing the final piece.
Structure of an Essay consists of an introduction (main idea/thesis), body (supporting paragraphs), and conclusion (summarizes key points).
Cohesion and Coherence rely on linking words/phrases to connect ideas and ensure logical information flow.