Grammar Fundamentals

• The following notes cover questions 11-50, focusing on grammar, vocabulary, and sentence structure.

Verb Forms

• Present continuous tense uses "is" with the -ing form of the verb.
• Example: He is playing football now.

Conjunctions

• Conjunctions connect words, phrases, or clauses.
• "And" is a conjunction.

Subject-Verb Agreement

• The verb must agree with the subject in number.
• "She doesn't like coffee" is correct.

Past Tense Verbs

• The past tense of "go" is "went."
• Example: They went to school yesterday.

Future Tense

• Future tense uses "will" + base form of the verb.
• Example: He will eat lunch.

Comparative Adjectives

• "Better" is the comparative form of "good."
• Used to compare two things: This book is better than that one.

Pronouns

• Pronouns replace nouns.
• "She" is a pronoun.

Agreement with "There"

• "Are" is used with plural nouns after "there."
• Example: There are many people in the room.

Verb Conjugation

• Use the base form of the verb after "I."
• Example: I enjoy swimming.

Adjectives

• Adjectives describe nouns.
• "Red" is an adjective in the sentence "The red car is mine."

Superlative Adjectives

• "Happiest" is the superlative form of "happy".
• Used to compare three or more things.

Present Perfect Tense

• "Have gone" is the correct form for present perfect tense with "they".
• Example: They have gone to the store.

Past Perfect Tense

• Past perfect tense indicates an action completed before another in the past.
• Example: She had already left when I arrived.

Using "For" and "Since"

• "For" is used with a period of time.
• Example: I’ve lived here for five years.

Infinitives

• An infinitive is "to" + base form of the verb.
• Example: He wants to eat.

Modal Verbs

• Modal verbs (e.g., should, can, must) express necessity or advice.
• "Should" is a modal verb.

Sentence Structure

• Questions typically start with a question word (where, what, etc.) followed by an auxiliary verb.
• Example: Where are you going?

Past Participles

• "Been" is the past participle of "be."
• Used after "have" or "has": I have never been to Paris.

Countable Nouns

• Countable nouns can be counted and have a plural form
• Apple is a countable noun.

Negative Forms

• Use "does not" or "doesn't" for the negative form in the third person singular.
• Example: She does not know the answer.

Using "Too"

• "Too" is used before an adjective to indicate excess.
• Example: He is too tired to work.

Nouns

• Nouns name people, places, things, or ideas.
• "Honesty" is a noun.

Question Tags

• Use the opposite form of the auxiliary verb in question tags.
• Example: It’s cold today, isn’t it?

Compound Subjects

• Use "are" with compound subjects joined by "and."
• Example: My brother and I are going to the market.

Interjections

• Interjections express emotion and are often followed by an exclamation point.
• Example: Oh! I didn’t see you there.

Using "Can"

• "Can" is followed by the base form of the verb.
• Example: I can drive.

Proper Nouns

• Proper nouns are specific names and are capitalized.
• "London" is a proper noun.

Negative Past Tense

• Use "didn’t know" for the negative past tense.
• Example: He didn’t know the answer.

Comparative Adjectives

• For most adjectives, add "-er" to form the comparative.
• Example: She is taller than her sister.

Passive Voice

• In the passive voice, the subject receives the action.
• Example: The room is cleaned every day.

Gerunds

• A gerund is a verb form ending in "-ing" that functions as a noun.
• Example: Running is fun.

Auxiliary Verbs

• Auxiliary verbs (helping verbs) assist the main verb.
• "Has" is an auxiliary verb.

Possessive Pronouns

• Possessive pronouns show ownership.
• "Mine" is a possessive pronoun.

Punctuation in Lists

• Use commas to separate items in a list.
• Example: I love reading books, cooking, and dancing.

Present Perfect Tense

• Present perfect tense connects a past action to the present.
• Example: I have seen that movie.

Subject-Verb Agreement

• "Each" takes a singular verb.
• Example: Each of the students has a book.

Forming Questions

• Use "does" for the third person singular in questions.
• Example: Does he like pizza?

Relative Pronouns

• "Who" refers to people.
• Example: This is the man who helped me.

Conditional Sentences

• Conditional sentences express what might happen if a condition is met.
• Example: If it rains, we’ll cancel the picnic.

Adverbs

• Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
• "Fluently" is an adverb.