Grammar Basics

Grammar

• Parts of Speech:
  • Nouns: person, place, thing, idea (e.g. John, London, book, happiness)
  • Verbs: action or state of being (e.g. run, be, have)
  • Adjectives: describe nouns or pronouns (e.g. happy, big, red)
  • Adverbs: describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs (e.g. quickly, very, well)
  • Pronouns: replace nouns (e.g. he, she, it, they)
  • Prepositions: show relationships between words (e.g. in, on, at, with)
  • Conjunctions: connect words, phrases, or clauses (e.g. and, but, or)
• Tense and Aspect:
  • Present Simple: habitual or general truths (e.g. I go to school)
  • Present Continuous: actions in progress (e.g. I am studying)
  • Present Perfect: completed actions with a connection to the present (e.g. I have eaten)
  • Past Simple: completed actions in the past (e.g. I went)
  • Past Continuous: actions in progress in the past (e.g. I was studying)
  • Past Perfect: completed actions before another action in the past (e.g. I had eaten)
• Clause and Sentence Structure:
  • Independent Clauses: complete sentences (e.g. I went to the store)
  • Dependent Clauses: cannot stand alone (e.g. because I needed milk)
  • Complex Sentences: independent clause + dependent clause (e.g. I went to the store because I needed milk)
  • Compound Sentences: two independent clauses joined by a conjunction (e.g. I went to the store, and I bought milk)

Vocabulary

• Word Formation:
  • Prefixes: add to the beginning of a word (e.g. un-, re-, de-)
  • Suffixes: add to the end of a word (e.g. -ly, -ment, -ful)
  • Compounding: combining two words (e.g. toothbrush, birthday)
• Idioms and Phrasal Verbs:
  • Idioms: fixed expressions with a specific meaning (e.g. "break a leg" = good luck)
  • Phrasal Verbs: verb + preposition (e.g. "pick up" = lift, "get on" = board)
• Homophones and Homographs:
  • Homophones: words that sound the same but have different meanings (e.g. to/too/two)
  • Homographs: words that are spelled the same but have different meanings (e.g. bank = financial institution, bank = riverbank)

Quiz to Test Use of English

Grammar:

1. What is the correct form of the verb "to go" in the present perfect tense? a) go b) goes c) going d) has gone

Answer: d) has gone

2. Identify the type of sentence: "I went to the store, and I bought milk." a) Simple b) Compound c) Complex d) Compound-Complex

Answer: b) Compound

Vocabulary:

1. What is the meaning of the prefix "re-" in the word "redo"? a) again b) with c) under d) against

Answer: a) again

2. What is the meaning of the idiom "break a leg"? a) to injure oneself b) to wish someone good luck c) to be very tired d) to be very upset

Answer: b) to wish someone good luck

Grammar

• Parts of Speech:
  • There are 7 parts of speech: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, prepositions, and conjunctions
  • Each part of speech has a specific function in a sentence
• Tense and Aspect:
  • Present Simple is used for habitual or general truths (e.g. I go to school)
  • Present Continuous is used for actions in progress (e.g. I am studying)
  • Present Perfect is used for completed actions with a connection to the present (e.g. I have eaten)
  • There are also Past Simple, Past Continuous, and Past Perfect tenses
• Clause and Sentence Structure:
  • Independent Clauses are complete sentences (e.g. I went to the store)
  • Dependent Clauses cannot stand alone (e.g. because I needed milk)
  • Complex Sentences are formed by combining an independent clause with a dependent clause
  • Compound Sentences are formed by joining two independent clauses with a conjunction

Vocabulary

• Word Formation:
  • Prefixes are added to the beginning of a word to change its meaning (e.g. un-, re-, de-)
  • Suffixes are added to the end of a word to change its meaning (e.g. -ly, -ment, -ful)
  • Compounding is the process of combining two words to create a new word (e.g. toothbrush, birthday)
• Idioms and Phrasal Verbs:
  • Idioms are fixed expressions with a specific meaning (e.g. "break a leg" = good luck)
  • Phrasal Verbs are verbs + prepositions (e.g. "pick up" = lift, "get on" = board)
• Homophones and Homographs:
  • Homophones are words that are pronounced the same but have different meanings (e.g. to/too/two)
  • Homographs are words that are spelled the same but have different meanings (e.g. bank = financial institution, bank = riverbank)

Quiz to Test Use of English

• Grammar:
  • The correct form of the verb "to go" in the present perfect tense is "has gone"
  • A compound sentence is formed by joining two independent clauses with a conjunction
• Vocabulary:
  • The prefix "re-" means "again" in the word "redo"
  • The idiom "break a leg" means "to wish someone good luck"