Grammar Basics

Grammar

• Parts of Speech:
  • Nouns (common, proper, concrete, abstract)
  • Verbs (action, linking, helping)
  • Adjectives (quantitative, qualitative)
  • Adverbs (manner, time, place, frequency)
  • Pronouns (personal, possessive, reflexive, demonstrative)
  • Prepositions (words that show relationships)
  • Conjunctions (connecting words)
  • Interjections (emotional expressions)
• Sentence Structure:
  • Simple sentences (one independent clause)
  • Compound sentences (two or more independent clauses)
  • Complex sentences (one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses)
  • Compound-Complex sentences (two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses)
• Tense and Aspect:
  • Present, past, and future tenses
  • Perfect, progressive, and perfect progressive aspects
  • Passive and active voice

Vocabulary

• Word Types:
  • Homophones (words with the same pronunciation)
  • Homographs (words with the same spelling)
  • Synonyms (words with similar meanings)
  • Antonyms (words with opposite meanings)
  • Idioms (phrases with figurative meanings)
• Word Formation:
  • Prefixes (add to the beginning of a word)
  • Suffixes (add to the end of a word)
  • Compounding (combining two or more words)
  • Blending (combining parts of two words)
• Connotations and Denotations:
  • Connotations (emotional associations of words)
  • Denotations (literal meanings of words)

Literature

• Fiction:
  • Novels
  • Short stories
  • Poetry
• Non-Fiction:
  • Biographies
  • Memoirs
  • Essays
• Literary Movements:
  • Romanticism
  • Realism
  • Modernism
  • Postmodernism
• Literary Devices:
  • Imagery
  • Symbolism
  • Irony
  • Allusion

Linguistics

• Phonetics:
  • Study of speech sounds
  • Transcription systems (e.g. IPA)
• Phonology:
  • Study of sound patterns in language
  • Phonemes (distinct sounds)
• Morphology:
  • Study of word structure
  • Morphemes (smallest units of meaning)
• Syntax:
  • Study of sentence structure
  • Phrase structure rules

Composition

• Writing Modes:
  • Narrative
  • Descriptive
  • Expository
  • Persuasive
• Rhetorical Devices:
  • Pathos (emotional appeal)
  • Ethos (credibility)
  • Logos (logical appeal)
• Organization:
  • Introduction, body, conclusion
  • Thesis statements
  • Transitions and connectors
• Style:
  • Tone
  • Point of view
  • Audience awareness

Grammar

• Parts of Speech: Nine categories including nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections.
• Nouns: Can be common, proper, concrete, or abstract.
• Verbs: Can be action, linking, or helping verbs.
• Sentence Structure: Includes simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences.
• Tense and Aspect: Features present, past, and future tenses, as well as perfect, progressive, and perfect progressive aspects.
• Voice: Can be active or passive.

Vocabulary

• Word Types: Includes homophones, homographs, synonyms, antonyms, and idioms.
• Homophones: Words with the same pronunciation.
• Homographs: Words with the same spelling.
• Synonyms: Words with similar meanings.
• Antonyms: Words with opposite meanings.
• Idioms: Phrases with figurative meanings.
• Word Formation: Can be achieved through prefixes, suffixes, compounding, or blending.
• Connotations and Denotations: Connotations are emotional associations, while denotations are literal meanings.

Literature

• Fiction: Includes novels, short stories, and poetry.
• Non-Fiction: Includes biographies, memoirs, and essays.
• Literary Movements: Examples include Romanticism, Realism, Modernism, and Postmodernism.
• Literary Devices: Includes imagery, symbolism, irony, and allusion.

Linguistics

• Phonetics: The study of speech sounds, using transcription systems like IPA.
• Phonology: The study of sound patterns in language, featuring phonemes.
• Morphology: The study of word structure, featuring morphemes.
• Syntax: The study of sentence structure, featuring phrase structure rules.

Composition

• Writing Modes: Includes narrative, descriptive, expository, and persuasive writing.
• Rhetorical Devices: Includes pathos, ethos, and logos.
• Organization: Features introduction, body, conclusion, thesis statements, transitions, and connectors.
• Style: Includes tone, point of view, and audience awareness.