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Questions and Answers
What color do Streptococcus spp. stain in a Gram stain procedure?
What color do Streptococcus spp. stain in a Gram stain procedure?
- Red
- Green
- Purple (correct)
- Pink
What is the arrangement of Staphylococcus spp. after Gram staining?
What is the arrangement of Staphylococcus spp. after Gram staining?
- Chains
- Single cells
- Clusters (correct)
- Pairs
What is the counterstain used in the Gram stain procedure?
What is the counterstain used in the Gram stain procedure?
- Iodine
- Crystal violet
- Methylene blue
- Safranin (correct)
Why are endospores produced by some bacteria?
Why are endospores produced by some bacteria?
What is the function of iodine in the Gram stain process?
What is the function of iodine in the Gram stain process?
How do flagella enable movement in bacteria?
How do flagella enable movement in bacteria?
What role do pili play in bacterial biology?
What role do pili play in bacterial biology?
Which of the following statements about endospores is true?
Which of the following statements about endospores is true?
Which type of bacteria typically undergoes endospore formation?
Which type of bacteria typically undergoes endospore formation?
What color do Gram-negative bacteria appear after completing the Gram stain?
What color do Gram-negative bacteria appear after completing the Gram stain?
What is the characteristic shape of species belonging to the genus Borrelia?
What is the characteristic shape of species belonging to the genus Borrelia?
What type of bacteria require high levels of carbon dioxide for growth?
What type of bacteria require high levels of carbon dioxide for growth?
Which criteria best describes obligate anaerobes?
Which criteria best describes obligate anaerobes?
Which of the following bacteria is known to cause tetanus?
Which of the following bacteria is known to cause tetanus?
What does the term 'virulence' refer to regarding bacteria?
What does the term 'virulence' refer to regarding bacteria?
Which of the following statements is true about acid-fast staining?
Which of the following statements is true about acid-fast staining?
Which of the following is NOT a non-sterile area of an animal's body?
Which of the following is NOT a non-sterile area of an animal's body?
What is required for the growth of capnophilic bacteria?
What is required for the growth of capnophilic bacteria?
What shape are Vibrio spp. bacteria?
What shape are Vibrio spp. bacteria?
Which type of specimen collection is essential for obligate anaerobic bacteria?
Which type of specimen collection is essential for obligate anaerobic bacteria?
Flashcards
What are the characteristics of Streptococcus spp.?
What are the characteristics of Streptococcus spp.?
Streptococcus spp. are arranged in chains and stain purple with a Gram stain.
What are the characteristics of Staphylococcus spp.?
What are the characteristics of Staphylococcus spp.?
Staphylococcus spp. are arranged in clusters, resembling grape bunches, and stain purple with a Gram stain.
What is the counterstain in the Gram stain procedure?
What is the counterstain in the Gram stain procedure?
Safranin is the counterstain in the Gram stain procedure. It stains gram-negative bacteria pink or red.
Why and when are endospores produced?
Why and when are endospores produced?
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What is the function of the mordant (iodine) in the Gram stain?
What is the function of the mordant (iodine) in the Gram stain?
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What are pili and what is their function?
What are pili and what is their function?
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What is the function of flagella?
What is the function of flagella?
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What does virulence mean in the context of bacteria?
What does virulence mean in the context of bacteria?
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What is an acid-fast stain?
What is an acid-fast stain?
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What are psychrophilic bacteria?
What are psychrophilic bacteria?
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What are mesophilic bacteria?
What are mesophilic bacteria?
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What are obligate aerobes?
What are obligate aerobes?
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What are obligate anaerobes?
What are obligate anaerobes?
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What are capnophilic bacteria?
What are capnophilic bacteria?
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What does etiology mean?
What does etiology mean?
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What does 'sarcina' mean?
What does 'sarcina' mean?
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What is the general shape of bacteria in the genus Borrelia, and what color do they stain with Gram staining?
What is the general shape of bacteria in the genus Borrelia, and what color do they stain with Gram staining?
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Study Notes
Gram Stain Characteristics
- Streptococcus spp.: Gram-positive, arranged in chains.
- Staphylococcus spp.: Gram-positive, arranged in clusters (grape-like).
- Gram-negative bacteria: Stain pink/red with safranin (counterstain).
Endospores
- Produced primarily in response to nutrient depletion.
- Not all bacteria form endospores.
- Most spore-forming bacteria are Gram-positive.
- Endospores are highly resistant to heat, UV light, desiccation, chemicals, and enzymatic breakdown.
- A survival mechanism.
Gram Stain Procedure
- Mordant: Iodine (forms a complex with crystal violet).
- Role of iodine: This complex is larger/more resistant to washing out of Gram-positive bacteria cell walls, crucial for trapping the dye in the thick peptidoglycan layer.
Pili
- Short, hair-like protein structures.
- Found on the surface of some bacteria (mainly Gram-negative).
- Function: Adherence to host cells.
Flagella
- Long, whip-like structures on some bacteria/eukaryotic cells (like sperm).
- Function:
- Movement: Propulsion through liquids.
- Orientation: Responding to environmental cues (taxis).
Other Bacterial Stains
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Acid-fast stain.
- Vibrio spp.: Curved/comma-shaped rods.
- Borrelia spp.: Spirochetes (spiral shape), Gram-negative.
Bacterial Growth Requirements
- Capnophilic bacteria: Require high CO2 levels and low oxygen.
- Sarcina: Cocci arranged in cubes of 8.
Disease Terms
- Etiology: The cause of a disease.
Sterile/Non-Sterile Body Areas
- Sterile areas: Blood, cerebrospinal fluid, joints, bladder, solid organs, mammary glands, lower respiratory tract.
- Non-sterile areas: Mucous membranes, reproductive tract, gastrointestinal tract, skin, ears.
Bacterial Temperature Preferences
- Psychrophilic bacteria: Thrive in cold temperatures.
- Mesophilic bacteria: Thrive at body temperature.
Bacterial Oxygen Requirements
- Obligate aerobes: Require oxygen for growth (e.g., Mycobacterium tuberculosis).
- Obligate anaerobes: Cannot tolerate oxygen (e.g., Clostridium species).
- Capnophilic: Require high CO2.
Bacterial Pathogenicity
- Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity; a bacterium's ability to cause disease. This includes factors enabling infection, colonization, and host damage, along with immune system evasion and toxin/enzyme production.
Bacterial Species and Diseases
- Tetanus: Clostridium tetani.
- Anthrax: Bacillus anthracis (endospore-forming).
- Tuberculosis: Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Bacterial Morphology
- Palisades: Arrangement seen in Corynebacterium species.
Sample Collection and Transport
- Swab packaging: Transport medium prevents bacterial growth/kills bacteria during transport.
- Guarded swabs: Reduce contamination risk in sample collection—improving result accuracy.
- Anaerobic samples: Must be placed under anaerobic conditions immediately after collection due to sensitivity to oxygen.
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