Questions and Answers
Homologous chromosomes must have their centromeres in different locations to be considered homologous.
False
Sister chromatids are exact copies of each other, while homologous chromosomes consist of one from each parent.
True
The diploid number in humans is 46, which represents the total number of individual chromosomes present in a gamete.
False
Gametes are produced through mitosis, resulting in cells with a diploid number of chromosomes.
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Polyploidy refers to an abnormal condition that includes an increase in the number of chromosome sets.
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Chromosomal abnormalities, such as polyploidy, can threaten the survival of a species.
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In humans, there are a total of 23 homologous pairs of chromosomes, making a total of 46 chromosomes.
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The term 'haploid' refers to an organism having two complete sets of chromosomes.
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Homologous chromosomes have different structures and do not carry genes for the same traits.
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Chromosomes are primarily found in the cytoplasm of a cell.
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Diploid organisms have two complete sets of chromosomes.
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The p arms and q arms refer to different types of genes on a chromosome.
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A chromosome is made solely of proteins and does not contain DNA.
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Chromosomal abnormalities can occur in both diploid and haploid organisms.
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The kinetochore is a key structure found on homologous chromosomes that plays a role during cell division.
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A haploid organism has only one set of chromosomes.
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Humans possess 23 chromosomes arranged in 46 pairs.
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A karyotype can be utilized to identify chromosomal abnormalities.
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In humans, all chromosomes are categorized as autosomes.
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Females have two X chromosomes, making them heterogametic sex chromosomes.
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The study of chromosomes is known as cytogenetics.
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Diploid cells contain half the number of chromosomes compared to haploid cells.
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Gonosomes are responsible for determining the chromosomal structure of an organism.
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Karyotypes are usually taken during the interphase stage of cell division.
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Study Notes
Chromosome Structure and Homology
- Centromere position and arm length are critical for defining homologous chromosomes.
- Homologous chromosomes have identical genes arranged in the same order.
- They consist of one chromosome from each parent, making them similar but not identical to sister chromatids.
Chromosome Count in Organisms
- Gorilla: 48 chromosomes
- Dog: 78 chromosomes
- Mosquito: 6 chromosomes
- Organisms have diploid (2n) and haploid (n) chromosome counts.
- Humans have 46 chromosomes, organized into 23 homologous pairs (diploid number).
Gametes and Fertilization
- Gametes, or sex cells (egg and sperm), contain the haploid number (n).
- During fertilization, haploid gametes combine to form a diploid organism.
Genetic Mutations and Polyploidy
- Changes in chromosome number can lead to genetic mutations, potentially resulting in death.
- Polyploidy refers to an abnormal increase in chromosome sets, with types including:
- Triploidy: 3 sets
- Tetraploidy: 4 sets
Definition and Function of Karyotype
- A chromosome is a DNA structure in a cell's nucleus that carries hereditary information.
- A karyotype is a laboratory-produced representation of chromosomes, stained and magnified.
- Used to detect chromosome abnormalities, it arranges 46 chromosomes into 23 pairs, with 22 pairs being autosomes.
Autosomes vs. Gonosomes
- Autosomes: 22 pairs, numbered by size.
- Gonosomes (sex chromosomes): 23rd pair that determines sex.
- Females: two X chromosomes (homogametic).
- Males: one X and one Y chromosome (heterogametic).
Cytogenetics
- The study of chromosomes and karyotypes is known as cytogenetics.
- It helps in understanding chromosomal abnormalities and the genetic constitution of organisms.
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