Government and Culture of Texas Independence
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Questions and Answers

Who was the first President of the Republic of Texas?

  • Travis
  • Lamar
  • Houston (correct)
  • Runnels

    • What was a key difference between the politics of caution and the politics of action during the mid-century in Texas?

  • Politics of caution supported annexation, while politics of action opposed it.
  • Politics of caution emphasized military action, whereas politics of action favored negotiation.
  • Politics of caution focused on local governance, while politics of action focused on national issues.
  • Politics of caution aimed for stability, while politics of action sought expansion. (correct)

    • What was the goal of the Santa Fe Expedition?

  • To assert Texas authority over Mexico.
  • To establish economic ties with California.
  • To negotiate peace with Native American tribes.
  • To extend Texas territory into New Mexico. (correct)

    • Which political party emerged as a significant force in Texas politics during the mid-nineteenth century?

    <p>Democrats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event is referred to as the 'Texas Troubles'?

    <p>The labor unrest and violence connected to slavery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the duration of the Republic of Texas as a sovereign state?

    <p>From March 2, 1836, to February 19, 1846</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following countries considered the Republic of Texas a rebellious province?

    <p>Mexico</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What treaties were signed that related to the sovereignty of the Republic of Texas?

    <p>Treaties of Velasco</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization arises from beliefs that Texas remains an independent nation?

    <p>Texas Nationalist Movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which entity did the Republic of Texas border during its existence besides Mexico?

    <p>The Republic of the Rio Grande</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What fundamental change did President Antonio López de Santa Anna implement that affected the governance of Texas?

    <p>He shifted from a federalist to a centralist government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant action taken by Texian leaders during the Texas Revolution?

    <p>They established a provisional government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which battle effectively secured Texas's independence from Mexico?

    <p>Battle of San Jacinto</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following individuals served as the provisional president during the Texas Revolution?

    <p>David G. Burnet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marked the end of the Republic of Texas as an independent nation?

    <p>The annexation by the United States in 1845.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major influence of Anglo-American settlers in Texas at the time of independence?

    <p>Introduction of enslaved labor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributed to the cultural landscape of Texas by the Tejanos?

    <p>Integration of Spanish language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did Native American tribes play in Texas' culture during its independence?

    <p>They influenced the cultural dynamics of the region.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What resulted from the blend of Anglo-American and Tejano cultures in Texas?

    <p>A unique cultural environment distinct from both the United States and Mexico</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant aspect of Tejano culture that shaped Texas during its early years?

    <p>The introduction of Catholic faith and practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary focus did Sam Houston have during his presidency in the Republic of Texas?

    <p>Stabilizing the new republic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which years did Sam Houston serve as president of the Republic of Texas for the first time?

    <p>1836 to 1838</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Sam Houston's significant military contribution during the Texas Revolution?

    <p>Battle of San Jacinto</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the economic challenges faced by Houston during his presidency?

    <p>High level of national debt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which relationship was paramount for Houston to manage during his terms as president?

    <p>Relations with Native American tribes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Mirabeau Buonaparte Lamar best known for in the realm of education?

    <p>Establishing a fund to support public education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes Lamar's policies towards Native American tribes during his presidency?

    <p>He pursued aggressive military campaigns to displace them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant impact did Lamar's expansionist policies have on the Republic of Texas?

    <p>Led to substantial financial debt for the republic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country did Lamar NOT seek diplomatic relations with during his presidency?

    <p>Mexico</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what capacity did Lamar serve Texas after his presidency?

    <p>Diplomat to Nicaragua and Costa Rica</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a primary reason for Sam Houston's retreat instead of confronting the Mexican army directly?

    <p>To preserve his forces for a future battle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach was NOT a component of the 'Politics of Caution' during Texas' independence?

    <p>Aggressive military campaigns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did leaders manage public expectations during Texas' fight for independence?

    <p>Through cautious public communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenge did the provisional government face in maintaining unity against external threats?

    <p>Internal conflicts and indecisiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of leadership was crucial for effectively managing limited resources during this period?

    <p>Effective allocation of troops and supplies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which military action was directly linked to Texas' successful fight for independence?

    <p>Battle of San Jacinto</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant consequence of the fall of the Alamo during the fight for independence?

    <p>Increased rallying of support for independence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect was NOT a focus of Texas leaders in their pursuit of independence?

    <p>Transitional governance with Mexico</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leader was crucial in decision-making alongside Sam Houston to maintain political order during independence?

    <p>Henry Smith</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the main strategies used by leaders to build an effective fighting force?

    <p>Frequent calls to arms for volunteer enlistment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a primary reason for the failure of the Santa Fe Expedition?

    <p>Poor preparation and harsh conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who led the Mexican forces that captured the members of the Santa Fe Expedition?

    <p>Manuel Armijo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the estimated value of goods carried by the Santa Fe Expedition?

    <p>$200,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main objective of the Santa Fe Expedition?

    <p>To establish Texas jurisdiction over Santa Fe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one significant result of the failed Santa Fe Expedition for Texas?

    <p>It highlighted challenges faced by the Republic of Texas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event highlighted the desperate circumstances of the captured Texian soldiers after the Battle of Mier?

    <p>Black Bean Episode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes a consequence of the Mier Expedition's failure?

    <p>Increased tensions between Texas and Mexico</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the leader of the Texian forces during the Mier Expedition?

    <p>William S. Fisher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What prompted many Texian soldiers to disobey orders and continue the campaign after the Somervell Expedition?

    <p>Dissatisfaction with returning home</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What strategic mistake did the Texians make during the Battle of Mier?

    <p>Underestimating Mexican reinforcements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one primary reason Texas sought annexation into the United States in 1845?

    <p>To secure military protection and greater stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ideology influenced many Texans' views towards annexation in the context of U.S. expansion?

    <p>Manifest Destiny</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What economic challenge did Texas face which was partly addressed by annexation?

    <p>Debt and lack of infrastructure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What internal concern did some Texans have about the annexation to the United States?

    <p>Concern over loss of unique identity and autonomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What formal action was necessary for Texas to become a state of the United States?

    <p>Negotiations and approvals from both governments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did the belief in Manifest Destiny play in the annexation of Texas in 1845?

    <p>It motivated Americans to view the annexation as a natural expansion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor was NOT a concern for the U.S. government in the annexation of Texas?

    <p>Developing diplomatic relations with neighboring countries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did public sentiment influence the annexation of Texas?

    <p>Significant public support emerged from southern and western states.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What economic benefit was primarily associated with the annexation of Texas?

    <p>Increased land for cotton cultivation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which political factor significantly affected the annexation of Texas?

    <p>The balance of power between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did the Brazos and Colorado rivers primarily serve in mid-nineteenth century Texas?

    <p>They facilitated trade and travel before railroads became prevalent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key purpose of the Texas Road, also known as the 'Osage Trace'?

    <p>To connect Texas to the Midwest for cattle drives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the expansion of railroads in Texas during the late 19th century impact the state's economy?

    <p>It transformed Texas into a leading producer of both cattle and cotton.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the primary reasons for conducting cattle drives before railroads were widespread?

    <p>To transport livestock to northern markets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What social and economic effect did the various transportation methods have on mid-nineteenth century Texas?

    <p>They played a significant role in shaping both the economy and society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group faced the most significant political and social discrimination in mid-nineteenth century Texas society?

    <p>Mexican Americans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary agricultural product that dominated the economy of mid-nineteenth century Texas?

    <p>Cotton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of the social structure in mid-nineteenth century Texas contributed to tensions within communities?

    <p>Isolation of settlements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which economic activity was particularly significant in the western parts of Texas during the mid-nineteenth century?

    <p>Cattle ranching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a notable characteristic of the cultural dynamics in mid-nineteenth century Texas?

    <p>A mix of cultures with both rich traditions and social tensions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant change regarding slavery in Texas during Mexican rule?

    <p>The abolition of slavery was largely ignored by Anglo settlers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of the economy in Texas was most influenced by slavery by the year 1860?

    <p>Cotton plantations in East Texas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one consequence of the Republic of Texas's constitution regarding slavery?

    <p>It restricted the rights of free African Americans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What historically significant event is commemorated on June 19th in Texas?

    <p>The day enslaved Texans learned of their freedom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By 1860, what percentage of Texas's population was composed of enslaved individuals?

    <p>30%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the primary reasons Texans supported secession in 1861?

    <p>Economic dependency on cotton reliant on slave labor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event heightened political tensions in Texas leading up to secession?

    <p>John Brown’s raid on Harper’s Ferry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did Sam Houston oppose Texas's secession?

    <p>He believed it would lead to unnecessary conflict and devastation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the impact of the 'Texas Troubles' on North Texas in 1860?

    <p>It led to widespread panic and violence against suspected conspirators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Sam Houston predict regarding the outcome of the Civil War?

    <p>The North would ultimately prevail in the war</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which description best characterizes the economy of North Texas in 1860?

    <p>Primarily reliant on agriculture and livestock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggered the violence during the 'Texas Troubles' events?

    <p>Rumors about enslaved people's revolt plans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which was a key factor in Texans' belief in the sovereignty of their state at the time of secession?

    <p>The perceived overreach of the federal government into state affairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Government in Texas at time of Independence

    • Texas declared independence from Mexico in 1836 and established a republican government.
    • The government was composed of a President and Congress.
    • The Constitution of the Republic of Texas was heavily influenced by the United States Constitution.

    Primary culture in Texas at time of Independence

    • The primary culture in Texas at the time of independence was Anglo-American.
    • This reflected the dominance of settlers from the United States, who brought with them their customs, traditions, and political ideals.

    First President of Republic of Texas (Houston)

    • Sam Houston served as the first president of the Republic of Texas from 1836 to 1838.
    • He is known for his role in the Texas Revolution and his efforts to secure recognition of Texas independence by the United States.

    Second President of Republic of Texas (Lamar)

    • Mirabeau B. Lamar served as the second president of the Republic of Texas from 1838 to 1841.
    • Lamar's presidency was marked by a more aggressive and expansionist approach, aiming to expand Texas territory westward.
    • He pursued policies aimed at promoting education and establishing a national university.

    Politics of Caution

    • The "Politics of Caution" characterized a period of Texas politics focused on stable governance and diplomatic relations with Mexico and the United States.
    • This approach emphasized economic development, infrastructure, and peaceful co-existence with neighboring nations.

    Politics of Action

    • The "Politics of Action" represented a more aggressive and expansionist stance regarding Texas policy.
    • This approach focused on westward expansion, territorial claims, and a more assertive foreign policy.

    Santa Fe Expedition

    • The Santa Fe Expedition was a military and commercial expedition aimed at establishing trade ties with Santa Fe, New Mexico.
    • It ended in disaster with the Texans captured by Mexican forces.

    Mier Expedition

    • The Mier Expedition was another attempt to expand Texas influence westward, leading to a battle with Mexican forces.
    • It resulted in the capture of Texan soldiers, who were later subjected to a controversial "black bean lottery" to determine their fate.

    Annexation from Texas perspective

    • Texas desired annexation by the United States for its economic and political benefits.
    • Annexation would provide financial support, protection from Mexico, and open new markets for Texas products.
    • However, debate existed about the terms of annexation and the future of slavery.

    Annexation from United States perspective

    • The United States annexation of Texas was a complex issue debated heavily for years.
    • The debate centered on the expansion of slavery, the balance of power between North and South, and the potential for conflict with Mexico.

    Transportation in Mid-nineteenth century Texas

    • Transportation in mid-nineteenth century Texas relied heavily on waterways, including rivers and the Gulf of Mexico.
    • Roads were mostly unpaved and limited, making travel difficult.
    • Early railroads emerged, but their reach was limited.

    Texas Society at Mid-century

    • Texas society by the mid-nineteenth century was diverse and influenced by Anglo, Mexican, and Native American cultures.
    • Texans embraced different lifestyles, including ranching, farming, and emerging towns.
    • The social framework was shaped by the legacy of the Texas Revolution, economic realities, and the rise of slavery.

    Slavery in Texas

    • Slavery was a central part of the Texas economy, particularly in agriculture.
    • Texas was one of the most pro-slavery states in the United States.

    Mid-century Texas Politics

    • The 1850s saw tensions rise around slavery, leading to the emergence of various political factions in Texas:

    Democrats

    • The Democratic Party, generally supporting pro-slavery and states' rights principles.

    Whigs

    • The Whig Party, advocating for a stronger federal government and opposing further expansion of slavery.

    Know-Nothings

    • The Know-Nothing Party, a nativist party concerned about the influence of immigrants and Catholics.

    Republicans

    • The Republican Party, emerging in the North and opposing the expansion of slavery, was not a significant force in Texas at this time.

    Hardin R. Runnels vs. Sam Houston

    • The 1857 gubernatorial election in Texas pitted Hardin R. Runnels, a pro-slavery Democrat who advocated for secession, against Sam Houston, a staunch Unionist who opposed secession.
    • Runnels won the election due to the pro-slavery sentiment among Texans.

    Gubernatorial elections of 1857 & 1859

    • These elections were significant as they reflected the growing divide over slavery and the role of the federal government.
    • They foreshadowed the secession crisis.

    Deciding factors for Texas secession

    • The passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which allowed for popular sovereignty on the issue of slavery, was a significant factor.
    • The election of Abraham Lincoln, a Republican opposed to slavery, as President of the United States solidified the push for secession.
    • Texas was among the first states to secede because of its strong pro-slavery stance.

    Sam Houston's response to secession

    • Sam Houston resolutely opposed Texas secession and warned of the devastating consequences for the state.
    • He argued that secession was a betrayal of Texas's heritage and would lead to war.

    North Texas Counties in 1860

    • North Texas was primarily populated by farmers and ranchers.
    • The region was less reliant on slave labor than South Texas and had mixed feelings toward secession.

    "Texas Troubles"

    • "Texas Troubles" refer to the turbulent times during the Civil War, including Confederate defeats, economic hardship, and internal dissent.
    • This term signifies the challenges faced by Texas through the war years.

    The Republic of Texas

    • The Republic of Texas was an independent nation in North America.
    • It existed from March 2, 1836, to February 19, 1846.
    • Texas bordered Mexico, the Republic of the Rio Grande in 1840, and the United States of America.
    • Mexico considered Texas a rebellious province throughout its existence.
    • This view was despite the Treaties of Velasco signed in May 1836.
    • Today, some groups refer to Texas as the "Republic of Texas."
    • These groups claim the annexation of Texas by the United States was illegal.
    • They believe Texas remains an independent nation, currently under occupation.

    Mexican Rule of Texas

    • Texas was a part of the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas.
    • The Mexican government, led by President Antonio López de Santa Anna, transitioned from a federalist system to a centralist system.
    • The centralist system centralized power within the Mexican government, giving the states less autonomy.

    Texas Revolution

    • The centralist policies implemented by the Mexican government angered many settlers in Texas and led to the Texas Revolution.
    • Anglo-American settlers (Texians) and Texans of Mexican descent (Tejanos) fought against Mexican troops in the Texas Revolution.

    Provisional Government

    • During the revolution, Texian leaders established a provisional government.
    • Delegates at the Convention of 1836 declared Texas independent from Mexico and formed an interim government.
    • David G. Burnet served as the provisional president while Sam Houston was the commander-in-chief of Texian forces.

    Republic of Texas

    • The Battle of San Jacinto on April 21, 1836, effectively secured Texas' independence from Mexico.
    • This led to the establishment of the Republic of Texas, which lasted until Texas joined the United States in 1845.

    Texas Independence: Cultural Landscape

    • Texas' independence in 1836 saw a cultural mix of Anglo-American settlers and Tejanos.
    • Anglo-American settlers from the United States, especially the South, brought their culture, language, and practices including the use of enslaved labor.
    • Tejanos, of mixed Mexican and Indigenous descent, had a long history in Texas, contributing traditions, Spanish language, and Catholic faith.
    • Native American tribes, like the Apache and Comanche, impacted the cultural dynamics of the region.
    • This blend of cultures created a distinct environment, setting the stage for the Texas Revolution and the Republic of Texas.

    Sam Houston and the Republic of Texas

    • Sam Houston became the first president of the Republic of Texas on September 5, 1836.
    • Texas had just won independence from Mexico.
    • Houston played a central role in the Texas Revolution, leading forces at the Battle of San Jacinto, which secured Texas' independence.
    • Houston's presidency focused on stabilizing the newly formed republic.
    • He addressed issues with Native Americans, and tackled the Republic's economic challenges.
    • He served two non-consecutive terms as president: from 1836 to 1838 and again from 1841 to 1844.

    Mirabeau Buonaparte Lamar’s Presidency

    • Lamar was the second president of the Republic of Texas serving from 1838 to 1841.
    • He advocated for the establishment of a public education fund.
    • Lamar moved the capital of Texas to Austin, which was at the farthest reach of settlement at the time.
    • He pursued an aggressive policy towards Native American tribes, waging campaigns against the Cherokee and Comanche peoples.
    • Lamar’s policies led to significant debt for the Republic of Texas.
    • He sought to strengthen Texas’ independence by establishing diplomatic relations with countries like France, England, and Holland.
    • Following his presidency, Lamar served in various capacities including as a Texas diplomat to Nicaragua and Costa Rica.

    Politics of Caution in Texas Independence

    • Strategic Retreat: Sam Houston's decision to retreat from the Mexican Army before the Battle of San Jacinto was a calculated move, prioritizing preservation of his forces over direct confrontation.

    • Diplomatic Strategies: Leaders used cautious diplomacy to secure support and recognition from other countries, strengthening Texas' position without escalating conflict.

    • Internal Political Challenges: The provisional government faced internal conflicts and indecisiveness. Leaders carefully managed these issues to maintain a united front against external threats.

    • Resource Management: Texas' limited resources required careful management, including strategic allocation of troops and supplies.

    • Public Communication: Leaders used cautious rhetoric to rally public support while managing expectations, maintaining morale for the independence movement.

    Military Engagements

    • Sam Houston and James Bowie were pivotal figures in Texas' fight for independence.
    • The Battle of San Jacinto, a decisive victory for Texan forces under Houston's command, resulted in the defeat of Mexican General Santa Anna's army, ultimately leading to Texas' independence.

    Mobilization and Recruitment

    • Texans were encouraged to join the fight against Mexico.
    • The proactive rallying of support was crucial in building a strong and effective fighting force.

    Strategic Fortifications

    • The Alamo's fortification was part of a broader strategy to defend against Mexican forces.
    • The Alamo's fall, although a loss, became a symbol of resistance and galvanized further support for the Texas cause.

    Political Leadership

    • Leaders such as Henry Smith and Sam Houston played crucial roles in maintaining order and advancing the independence agenda during Texas' independence.
    • These leaders acted decisively even amidst internal political divisions.

    Diplomatic Efforts

    • While primarily focused on military action, diplomatic efforts were also made to garner international recognition and support for the new Republic of Texas.

    Santa Fe Expedition

    • The Santa Fe Expedition was a military and commercial venture launched by the Republic of Texas in 1841, aiming to establish Texas jurisdiction over the Santa Fe area and redirect trade away from the Santa Fe Trail.

    • The expedition, led by President Mirabeau B. Lamar, comprised approximately 320 men, including merchants and military personnel. The expedition's supplies were transported in 21 ox-drawn wagons and were valued at around $200,000.

    • The expedition faced significant challenges, including inadequate preparation, extreme weather conditions, and conflicts with Native American tribes. The expedition was further hampered by a shortage of supplies and navigation difficulties.

    • Upon arriving in New Mexico, the expedition members were taken captive by Mexican troops under the command of Governor Manuel Armijo. They were forced to march to Mexico City, where they were imprisoned. The majority of the expedition members were eventually released in 1842.

    • The Santa Fe Expedition's failure severely damaged President Lamar's presidency, highlighting the difficult circumstances facing the fledgling Republic of Texas. However, the expedition's failure also piqued the interest of the United States in Texas, contributing to its eventual annexation.

    The Mier Expedition

    • The Mier Expedition was a military venture undertaken by the Republic of Texas in late 1842.
    • The expedition followed the Somervell Expedition, which aimed to retaliate against Mexican attacks on Texas.
    • The expedition was led by Colonel William S. Fisher and consisted of around 300 Texian soldiers.
    • The Texians crossed the Rio Grande and entered Mier on December 23, 1842.
    • On December 26-27, 1842, the Texians fought a battle against Mexican forces in Ciudad Mier.
    • The battle resulted in a Texian defeat and surrender.
    • After their capture, prisoners were marched to Mexico City.
    • During an escape attempt, many prisoners were recaptured.
    • As a punishment, Mexican authorities conducted the "Black Bean Episode", where one in ten prisoners was executed.
    • The Mier Expedition was a significant failure, resulting in substantial casualties and strained relations between Texas and Mexico.
    • The expedition exemplified the challenges faced by the Republic of Texas in safeguarding its borders and maintaining stability.

    Texas Annexation

    • Texas sought security and stability from the United States following independence from Mexico in 1836.
    • Annexation offered economic opportunities, including access to markets and potential financial support.
    • Many Texans desired political support and aligned governance with the United States.
    • The annexation was driven partly by the belief in Manifest Destiny, the expansion of the United States across North America.
    • Some Texans feared losing their state's unique identity and autonomy.
    • Texas became the 28th state of the United States on December 29, 1845 after negotiations and approvals from both governments.

    Annexation of Texas

    • The United States' annexation of Texas in 1845 was influenced by Manifest Destiny, a belief in westward expansion across North America.
    • Economic interests played a crucial role, with Texas offering vast agricultural lands, particularly for cotton cultivation, and potential trade opportunities.
    • Strategic considerations included preventing European influence, particularly from Britain and France, in Texas and securing the southwestern frontier.
    • The annexation was politically contentious, with the admission of Texas as a slave state sparking debate on the balance of power between slave and free states.
    • Security and defense played a role as annexing Texas would provide a buffer against potential threats from Mexico and strengthen the southwestern border.
    • Public support for annexation, particularly in the southern and western states, fueled political action.
    • The annexation of Texas ultimately led to the Mexican-American War in 1846 due to ongoing disputes over the Texas-Mexico border.

    Transportation in Mid-19th Century Texas

    • Rivers: The Brazos and Colorado Rivers were vital transportation routes before widespread railroad construction. They facilitated trade and travel.
    • Roads and Trails: The Texas Road, also known as the "Osage Trace" or "Traders' Path," connected Texas to the Midwest. Used for cattle drives until more efficient transportation methods emerged.
    • Railroads: Late 19th century witnessed a major expansion of railroads in Texas. Thousands of miles of tracks were laid, crucial for transporting lumber, cattle, crops, and people across the state. This growth helped Texas become a leading producer of cattle and cotton by the turn of the century.
    • Cattle Drives: Before railroads became widespread, driving cattle over long distances was common. Cowboys moved cattle to northern markets, journeys that could take weeks.

    Population Diversity

    • Mid-19th century Texas was home to Anglo settlers, Mexican Americans, African Americans (both enslaved and free), and various Native American tribes.
    • This diverse population contributed to a rich cultural tapestry but also led to notable social tensions.

    Economic Activities

    • Agriculture dominated Texas' economy, with cotton being the primary crop.
    • Cattle ranching held significant importance, especially in the western regions.
    • The state's economic landscape was largely rural, with limited urban centers.

    Slavery

    • Slavery was a prevalent and deeply contentious issue in Texas during this period.
    • Enslaved African Americans constituted a substantial portion of the state's population.
    • Increasing tensions surrounding slavery ultimately led to the Civil War.

    Social Structure

    • Texas society was stratified, with a clear hierarchy based on race and economic status.
    • Anglo settlers typically wielded the most power, while Mexican Americans and African Americans faced various forms of discrimination.

    Settlement Patterns

    • Settlements were often isolated, forming around missions, forts, and trading posts.
    • Limited infrastructure made travel and communication challenging.
    • These factors contributed to the complex and dynamic nature of Texas society in the mid-19th century.

    Early History

    • Slavery existed in Texas during its time as a Spanish Colony but was not widespread
    • Anglo-American settlers from the Southeastern United States brought enslaved people with them, expanding the practice.

    Mexican Rule

    • Mexico officially abolished slavery in 1829
    • Anglo settlers disregarded the law, and the enslaved population continued to grow

    Republic of Texas

    • Texas gained independence from Mexico in 1836 and legalized slavery
    • The constitution prevented the Texas Congress from emancipating enslaved people and limited the rights of free African Americans

    Economic Impact

    • Slavery was central to Texas' economy, particularly in East Texas
    • Cotton plantations heavily relied on enslaved labor
    • Enslaved people comprised roughly 30% of Texas' population in 1860

    Civil War and Emancipation

    • Texas joined the Confederacy during the Civil War
    • The Emancipation Proclamation and the Confederacy's defeat led to the end of slavery
    • Juneteenth, celebrated on June 19th, marks the day enslaved people in Texas learned of their freedom in 1865

    Deciding Factors for Texas Secession

    • Texas seceded from the Union on February 1, 1861.
    • Slavery: The preservation of slavery was a primary reason for secession in Texas.
      • Texas, like other Southern states, wanted to maintain and protect slavery.
    • States' Rights: Texans believed in the sovereignty of states and felt the federal government was infringing on their rights.
    • Economic Interests: Texas' economy was heavily reliant on agriculture, particularly cotton production, which relied on slave labor.
    • Political Tensions: Political events like John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry and the election of Abraham Lincoln, who opposed slavery, escalated fears and propelled Texas towards secession.

    Sam Houston's Response to Secession

    • Sam Houston, the Governor of Texas at the time, was a fervent Unionist and opposed secession.
    • He believed secession would cause unnecessary bloodshed and ruin.
    • Despite efforts to keep Texas in the Union, the secession convention voted to leave.
    • Houston refused to pledge allegiance to the Confederacy, leading to his removal from office.
    • He predicted the Civil War would be devastating and the North would ultimately prevail.

    North Texas Counties in 1860

    • North Texas consisted of counties like Dallas, Denton, and Collin in 1860.
    • The region was primarily rural with small towns and communities.
    • The economy was mainly agricultural, with cotton and livestock being significant products.
    • The area was a focal point for tensions leading up to the Civil War, as evidenced by the "Texas Troubles."

    “Texas Troubles”

    • The "Texas Troubles" refers to a series of events in the summer of 1860, triggered by a series of fires in North Texas.
    • Initially blamed on hot weather and phosphorus matches, the fires were later attributed to a supposed abolitionist plot involving enslaved people and Northern agitators.
    • This led to widespread panic and violence, resulting in the formation of vigilante groups to target suspected conspirators.
    • The hysteria resulted in the lynching of many Black Texans and suspected abolitionists.

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    HIST 226 Exam #2 Study Guide PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the establishment of the government in Texas at the time of its independence from Mexico in 1836. It discusses key figures like Sam Houston and Mirabeau B. Lamar, alongside the influence of Anglo-American culture on Texas's early governance and society.

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