Gothic Architecture: History and Religious Influence

• Gothic Architecture took place from 1150 to 1500 CE
• The name 'Gothic' was first applied by Renaissance critics, who found it non-classical
• The architecture is derived from the barbaric tribe of the Goths who lived in Northern Europe
• Sometimes, it is called Opus Modernum, or Opus Francigenum (French Style)

Spread of Gothic Architecture

• The Gothic style of architecture spread to England and Spain
• Italy was hesitant and didn't fully embrace theGothic style

Key Socio-Political Factors

• Existed with a feudal system, but also the emergence of centralised governments & nation-states
• Religion had a major influence on Gothic architecture

The Church

• Became powerful and could depose of Kings and Emperors
• Church suffered abuse when the Holy Office was established and charged with overseeing the Dominicans and the Inquisition

Religious Orders

• Saw the rise of new religious orders such as St. Francis of Assisi (Missionaries)

Cathedral Construction

• The primary building type produced was the Cathedral
• Gothic Architecture can be divided into 3 periods: early, high and late

Gothic Architectural Elements

• From 1140-1200 CE Early Gothic
• From 1200-1250 CE High Gothic & Rayonnant Style
• From 1250-1450 CE Late Gothic or Flamboyant

The Pointed Arch

• Its development allowed for more downward distribution of force and load, rather than sideways
• Thinner walls became possible because this negated the thick wall support

Triforium

• The triforium is a shallow passage above the nave arcade and below the clerestory

Set Off

• (Off Set) a horizontal ledge on a wall, marking a decrease in its thickness above

Respond

• A support like a corbel or pilaster, affixed to a wall to receive the end of an arch, a groin, or a vault rib

Compound

• (Cluster Pier) consists of a pier composed of engaged pillars, often capped and based, attached to a central shaft

Cusp

• This is the intersection of arcs or foliations in a tracery pattern

Rib

• The moldings projected from the surface, separating roof or ceiling panels

Boss

• Usually rich, carved ornament, projecting and placed at the intersection of ribs, groins, beams, or molding terminations

Pinnacle

• Ornamental body or shaft featuring a pyramid or spire, adding weight to the buttress

Finial

• Ornament to terminate the point of a spire or pinnacle

Crocket

• The Crocket is a decorative ornament featuring stylized carvings of leaves and flowers, often decorating the sloping edges of spires, finials and pinnacles

Gargoyle

• An architectural water spout in the form of a projecting grotesque carving
• Found outside the Cathedra, is supposed to ward off evil

Stained Glass

• Colored glass arranged in a mosaic to create images

Chevet

• Section incorporating the apse, ambulatory, and radiating chapels

Relics

• Positioned inside the chevet area
• The more relics that could be acquired, the more powerful the cathedral became

Apse Extension

• The apse was extended and its form was exchanged for a square end similar to English cathedrals
• Employed both quadripartite (4 sections) & sexpartite (6 sections) rib vaults

Influence

• Feudal systems paved way for centralised nation state governments
• Religion played a major influence

Basilica of Saint Denis North Suburb

• Paris, France
• Founded during the 7th Century by Dagobert I, known as the Abbey Church of St. Denis, French patron saint
• Served as burial site for French monarchs since the 5th Century, French Queen crowned in this Church

Abbot Suger

• Abbot Suger was the first to partly build a Gothic design
• Choir built in 1140 CE used Gothic style
• Abbot Suger believed that divinity of light can transport people spiritually, connecting humans to God as a mediating entity

Laon Cathedral

• Picardy, France
• A reconstruction from 1160 to 1230 CE was part of the Santiago de Compostela pilgrimage route
• Features 4 complete existing towers of the designed 6

West Towers

• Accented with deep apertures and hollowed out upper levels

Notre Dame de Paris

• Built from 1163 to 1250 CE
• Notre Dame de Paris, on the Ile de la Cite by the River Seine, commissioned by Bishop Maurice de Sully & Pope Alexander III
• Location is original site of St. Etienne Basilica, Paris' first Christian church

Symmetry

• Façade is divided into three parts called tripartite elevation, symmetrical in a grid pattern
• Flying buttresses are implemented, and the short transept barely extended

Bar Tracery

• Made up of thin stone elements to support the glass
• Glass, rather than stone, dominated windows

Square Bays

• High Gothic Period, 1200-1250 CE
• Square bays with sexpartite vaulting are replaced with a quadripartite vaulting

Colonettes

• Use of colonnettes or clustered piers

Chartres Cathedral Centre

• Chartres, France
• Built from 1134 to 1220 CE and known as Notre Dame of Chartres, offers an excellent example of High Gothic Architecture
• Dedicated to the Virgin Mary & John the Baptist, has retained its original elements
• The Pyramidal spire was built around the 12th Century and the other in the early 16th Century

Flying Buttresses and Plate Tracery

• Employs many flying buttresses (from the beginning) and plate tracery
• Total Length is 130 m, width is 32-46,37m Nave height
• Plate tracery traced to use thick sections of stone to separate glozed areas. Stones rather than glasses

Chartres Cathedral

• Is known for its labyrinth, maze of twisting passages and blue stained glass windows.

Chartres Cathedral Design

• There are varying geometric shapes like circles, squares, and triangles due to no standard measurements
• Compass Masters use dividers and use a compass for proportion

Amiens Cathedral

• Amiens, France
• Built from 1220 to 1402 CE, it was commissioned by Bishop Evrard de Fouilly and designed by Robert de Luzarches and Thomas de Cormont
• Is known for its tall vaulted interior and vast expanses of stained glass

Reims Cathedral

• Champagne -Ardenne, France
• Was rebuilt in 1211 CE and designed by Jean d'Orbias, Bernard de Soissons, Henri Deneux, Gaucher of Rheims, Jean le Loup. Kings were crowned. Linked to the rayonnant Style
• Is a pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela

Rayonnant Style

• From 1240 to 1350 CE there was a Rayonnant Style
• Its meaning stems from the French word means to radiate where thin stone elements support the glass
• Can be less stone tracery and creating a lighter space, there's extended triforium and piercing gates and open tracery and Clerestory radiation at rose windows

Gothic features

• La Sainte Chapelle Paris is the queen of French rayonant style with Precious relic like Christ's crown of thorns
• In 1239- 1248 Commissioned by King Saint Louis IX

Facade Interior

• A monumental rose window covers a facade while a use offset support and Clerestory spans to inner wall

Style

• Known as the flamboyant Period Germany as Sonder gotik
• In 1250-1450 it Marked by new monastic orders temper extravagant the buildings

Falling Down

• The ceiling at Beavais Cathedral, it signifies that Gothic is declining

Bevais Cathedral (Boovay)

• Was commissioned by bishop Nantesi
• Is 48 m and by transept added in 1548 now known as the southern transept in late Gothic
• Brackets along the structural buildings iron means it's not complete. Altar completed in Ravanna

Cologne cathedral

• Was erected in N Rhine foundation by archbishop
• Is tallest structure the world mixed with Neo Gothic. Facade faces St peter and Virgin Mary

St Elizabeth Marburg

• Was installed in 1235 CE by the Teutonic order Hungarian night
• A HallenKirche in Late Gothic
• In the reformation, the sandstone has Saint's remain removed

English Gothic Style

• Use of Horizontal more and emphasis in England from 1200-1530
• First, decorate and perpendicular

English Hall

• Houses minimal Windows is used in 1200-1230 as perpendicular
• Features shafts Piers and quad ribb. Sculptures tell stories instead of standard measurements
• Use label and doors known for spiritual transport use dripstones
• Is simple and unified like Cathedral in Eat-West style largest English style cloister

Wells, United Kingdom

• In 1180-1338, one sees a full facade original.

Lincolnshire United Kingdom

• In 1185, one can note cathedral church to St Mary and Giza pyramid
• From 1185- 1311 is commissioned
• A two-tone style is also implemented
• Geometric curve and flambuoyant is designed for 1275-1345 styles

East, United Kingdom

• In 1112 new styles began and 1400 and where renovated in 1275

Gothic Cathedral

• In 1112 the Exeter Cathedral was renovated

St Peter

• Is a Roman style at the Cathedral and the Perpendicular one
• Can see fan ceilings

Gothic architecture

• In France by 1375 there's perpendicularity
• In 15th century there was compass masonry with vault and 1499

English Facade

• Has more horizontal detail from 200- 172 1
• This houses the Royal family in the Royal pavilion

In the Renaissance time there was a switch where Italians were focused on Architecture

• Known also as Filipo Brunelleschi and Medici. 1419 and 1420 is important years.

Architects became more individual

• From this we get a lot of freedom and expression

Italian design begins

• In 1444 with 1481 is designed
• Round windows and arches and columns provide a classic look
• Alberti and Rome and Alcantara has a lot of influence through

Italian architecture in Renaissance comes to be of 5 factors

• It requires harmony and classic

Pope and Vatican become influential

• Now with Alberti has influenced the Vatican

Venice is known to be also highly influential

• In 1446 and 1447 is known to be androgynous. - Alberti created more stone elements that add a balance of vertical and horizonal

St Andrea

• Made by Aliberti and combined temple fronts between 1462 and 1790
• Interior uses vualt to cross the whole area where Leonardo da Vinci is most inspirational
• Before 15 CE Florentine lost arts

Donato

• Is born in 1444 and sculptured from Renaissance to introduce it to cities
• Inspired high structure

Pope

• In installed in building such

Architect

• Became known and is often noted to has a lot of skill
• Raphael is a popular artist
• Many stone structure was made

Rennaissance

• Is a high style to combine Roman order
• Inspired from the ancient to be of concrete. 6 points in his manifesto
• Is in support and foundation

France architecture

• Had new classicism it is designed 6 points are in 1750- 1850 styles
• He drew clear and bold lines
• Emotions matter
• To follow his essay is a way of life

Boullee

• Introduced geometry and pyramids from Rome
• From this Durand became well known

Buildings

• Where turned to Museum was is used by
• Greek where 144 58 6154 157 31 are key measurements

English Architecture

• Tudorfamiky 1830 with gothic, they are high class the Queen Houses. Is in Palladian Style and simple designs

Burlington

• Designed with Greek
• Window is central octagon
• From 1750- 1880 is name of style
• It has low panels

Famous buildings

• Is what Jefferson made after his house burnt.