HORMONES QUIZ

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Questions and Answers

Which type of hormone cannot pass through the cell membrane?

Adrenaline

Tropic hormones

Steroid hormones

Peptide hormones (correct)

How do steroid hormones reach target cells?

By traveling through a duct

By binding with peptides

By activating tropic hormones

By entering the cell membrane (correct)

Which of the following is a function of hormones?

Trigger rapid, short-term responses

Regulate long-term stress responses (correct)

Directly control muscle contractions

Provide electrical signals to the brain

What role does the hypothalamus play in the endocrine system?

It bridges the endocrine and nervous systems. Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone showcases a quick onset time due to its peptide nature?

Insulin Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about nerve signals is true?

Nerve transmissions occur faster than hormonal messages. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes tropic hormones from others?

They stimulate other glands to release hormones. Signup and view all the answers

Which gland is primarily responsible for the secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?

Pituitary gland Signup and view all the answers

Hormones secreted by the endocrine glands travel directly into what?

Bloodstream or fluids around cells Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of peptide hormones?

They are formed from proteins. Signup and view all the answers

Which organ does not have cells with an endocrine function?

Lungs Signup and view all the answers

Which substance accumulates in areas of tissue disturbance or injury?

Prostaglandins Signup and view all the answers

When a hormone binds to a receptor, which of the following does NOT occur?

Hormone enters the cell by endocytosis Signup and view all the answers

What happens when an amino-acid-based hormone acts on a target cell?

It activates a second messenger Signup and view all the answers

If cyclic AMP acts as a 'second messenger,' what would be the 'first messenger'?

Amino-acid-based hormone Signup and view all the answers

Which is an example of an amino-acid-based hormone?

Glucagon Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding amino-acid-based hormones?

They send messages from outside the cell Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of steroid hormones allows them to pass through cell membranes?

They are fat soluble Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is responsible for removing hormones from the blood and breaking them down?

Liver Signup and view all the answers

Why is the pituitary gland no longer considered the 'master gland' of the endocrine system?

The hypothalamus controls its activity Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Endocrine System

The endocrine system is made up of glands that secrete hormones directly into the blood.

Hormones

Hormones are chemical substances secreted directly into the blood by ductless glands.
They can be classified into two groups:
- Peptide Hormones: Formed from proteins, have a quick onset time, cannot pass cell membrane, and are hydrophilic. Examples include insulin and growth hormone.
- Steroid Hormones: Formed from fats, can enter the cell membrane, are hydrophilic, and have a slower onset than peptide hormones. Examples include estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone.

Tropic Hormones

Tropic hormones are hormones that stimulate other glands to release hormones.
They have a far-reaching effect because they can trigger a cascade of hormonal release.
Example: The anterior pituitary releases thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which then stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine.

Hypothalamus

The hypothalamus acts as a bridge between the endocrine and nervous systems.
It functions both as part of the nervous system and as an endocrine gland:
- Nervous System Function: During stress, the hypothalamus sends electrical signals to the adrenal gland to release adrenaline.
- Endocrine Gland Function: It produces oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone, which are stored in the posterior pituitary.
- Regulatory Function: The hypothalamus also regulates temperature, hunger, thirst, and coughing.

Pituitary Gland

The pituitary gland releases several hormones, including FSH and LH.

Functions of Hormones

Hormones control the body's response to stress.
They regulate metabolism and growth and development.
Hormones do not trigger rapid, short-term responses; this function is carried out by the nervous system.

Hormone Action

For a hormone to work, it must reach its target cells, be produced and released, and enter the bloodstream or fluids around cells.
Hormones do not travel through ducts.
Hormones bind to receptor proteins on the surface of target cells, triggering a cascade of events that ultimately lead to the desired change in cell function.

Nervous System vs. Endocrine System

Nervous signals are much faster than hormonal messages but have shorter-lasting effects.
Nerve transmissions reach many cells at once, while hormonal messages can be more targeted.

Endocrine Glands

All endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream or the fluid around cells.
Not all hormones affect every cell near the gland.
Hormones are not always lipid molecules.

Organs with Endocrine Function

The brain, stomach, small intestine, and lungs all contain cells that have an endocrine function.

Prostaglandins

Prostaglandins are hormone-like substances that accumulate in areas of tissue disturbance or injury.

Hormone Binding

When a hormone binds to a receptor, the receptor protein changes shape, which then triggers a series of chemical reactions inside the cell, ultimately leading to a change in cell activity.
Hormones do not enter the cell by endocytosis.

Amino-Acid-Based Hormones

Amino-acid-based hormones bind to receptors in the cell membrane, triggering the activation of a second messenger like cyclic AMP.
They do not pass through the cell membrane; they activate a chain reaction to cause a change inside the cell.

Steroid Hormones

Steroid hormones are fat-soluble and can pass through the cell membranes of their target cells.
They are not always bound to fat receptor molecules.
They can influence gene expression in target cells.

Hormone Regulation

The liver plays a role in feedback by removing hormones from the blood and breaking them down.

Anterior Pituitary Gland

The anterior pituitary gland secretes several tropins, including follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
It does not produce antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

Pituitary Gland Regulation

Hormones produced by the pituitary gland are regulated by secretions from the hypothalamus.
They control the activity of other endocrine glands and affect many organs and tissues.
The pituitary gland does not primarily regulate metabolic rate; this is primarily regulated by the thyroid gland.

Hypothalamus-Pituitary Relationship

The hypothalamus acts as the regulatory center of the endocrine system, controlling the activity of the pituitary gland.
It does not control other glands by acting through the pituitary gland; instead, it directly controls other glands or indirectly through the pituitary.

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