Google Datacenters Overview
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What is the primary reason for the unique design of Google datacenters compared to conventional datacenters?

  • They use off-the-shelf hardware.
  • They require specific machines for each server program.
  • They are located in remote areas.
  • They have proprietary power and cooling systems. (correct)

    • Google uses standard colocation datacenters for its compute resources.

    False

    Name the operating system that handles resource allocation in Google's datacenters.

    Borg

    A piece of software that implements a service is referred to as a ______.

    <p>server</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Machine = A piece of hardware (or perhaps a VM) Server = A piece of software that implements a service Cluster = A group of racks in a datacenter Campus = Multiple datacenter buildings located close together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are machines handled in Google's datacenters?

    <p>Machines can run any server program assigned by Borg.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Google datacenters, the terms 'machine' and 'server' are used interchangeably.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure formed by placing tens of machines in a rack?

    <p>Rack</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the D layer in the storage system?

    <p>To serve as a fileserver on machines in a cluster</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bigtable supports strong consistency across multiple datacenters.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technology does Google's network hardware rely on to minimize complex routing decisions?

    <p>OpenFlow-based software-defined network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The component that provides a filesystem-like API for maintaining locks is called __________.

    <p>Chubby</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the database systems with their primary characteristics:

    <p>Bigtable = NoSQL database handling petabytes of data Spanner = SQL-like interface with real consistency Blobstore = Storage for large objects Colossus = Cluster-wide filesystem with replication and encryption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of the Bandwidth Enforcer (BwE)?

    <p>Maximizing average available bandwidth across the network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Global Software Load Balancer (GSLB) only performs geographic load balancing at the DNS request level.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What protocol does Chubby use for asynchronous consensus?

    <p>Paxos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To minimize latency for globally distributed services, users are directed to the closest __________.

    <p>datacenter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of Colossus compared to its predecessor, GFS?

    <p>Improved cluster-wide filesystem features</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the bisection bandwidth supported in Jupiter's largest configuration?

    <p>1.3 Pbps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The B4 network utilizes a traditional networking protocol for communication.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Borg cluster operating system?

    <p>To manage jobs in the cluster and allocate resources to them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Borg allocates a name and index number to each task via the ______.

    <p>Borg Naming Service (BNS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following systems with their functionalities:

    <p>Borg = Distributed cluster operating system managing jobs B4 = Software-defined networking for massive bandwidth Jupiter = Clos network fabric with high bisection bandwidth BNS = Service for resolving task names to IP addresses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action does Borg take if a task attempts to use more resources than requested?

    <p>It kills the task and restarts it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hardware failures in clusters are managed without any software intervention.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable problem that the system software handles in a datacenter?

    <p>Hardware failures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Jupiter is a ______ network fabric used at Google datacenters.

    <p>Clos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the cluster storage options mentioned that is comparable to Lustre?

    <p>Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the GSLB in the request servicing process?

    <p>To track traffic load among frontend servers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A single task can handle more than 100 queries per second.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a tuple of (word, list of locations) represent in the reduce phase?

    <p>(word, list of locations) represents data that is written to a row in Bigtable, using the word as the key.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Shakespeare backend server contacts a ________ server to obtain the requested data.

    <p>Bigtable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Borgmon scraping metrics from monitored servers?

    <p>For instantaneous alerting and historic overviews</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following regions with their corresponding number of tasks deployed:

    <p>USA = 17 tasks South America = 4 tasks Europe = 16 tasks Asia = 6 tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Borgmon's metrics can only be used for alerting purposes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technology does Google use for its Remote Procedure Call (RPC) infrastructure?

    <p>Stubby</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if there is a failing GSLB?

    <p>It would cause significant disruption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of servicing a user's request can take several seconds to complete.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of changing code involves sending a proposed change called a __________ for review.

    <p>changelist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a benefit of using protocol buffers over XML?

    <p>Faster data serialization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to replicate the Bigtable in each region?

    <p>To reduce latency when backends need to contact the Bigtable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During updates, one task at a time will be ________, leaving a reduced number of available tasks.

    <p>unavailable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components with their descriptions:

    <p>Batch component = Creates and writes an index into Bigtable Application frontend = Handles end-user requests and searches MapReduce = Processes data in parallel HTTP server = Provides diagnostics and statistics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Software changes in Google are not required to undergo review before submission.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for deciding to use 4 tasks instead of 5 in South America?

    <p>To lower hardware costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an advantage of a multithreaded code architecture?

    <p>Efficient use of hardware resources by utilizing many CPU cores.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Data is transferred using __________, which is abbreviated to protobufs.

    <p>protocol buffers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which permission does an engineer require to submit a changelist related to a different project?

    <p>Review and approval from the component owner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Google Datacenters

    • Google datacenters differ significantly from conventional datacenters, presenting unique challenges and opportunities.
    • Most computation happens in Google-designed datacenters featuring proprietary hardware for power, cooling, networking, and computation.

    Terminology

    • Machine: Refers to hardware or virtual machines (VM).
    • Server: Software that provides a service, with no fixed hardware assigned to specific server functions.

    Resource Management

    • Borg, a distributed cluster operating system, allocates jobs across machines, continually monitoring for failures and reallocating as necessary.
    • Each job specifies resource requirements, which Borg uses to optimize resource allocation while avoiding single points of failure.

    Storage Solutions

    • Local disks can be used for temporary storage; however, extensive cluster storage options like Colossus and Bigtable are available for permanent storage needs.
    • Colossus: A cluster-wide filesystem providing user-friendly access with replication and encryption features, replacing Google File System (GFS).
    • Bigtable: A scalable NoSQL database able to manage petabyte-sized databases, supporting eventual consistency across datacenters.

    Networking Infrastructure

    • Google operates an OpenFlow-based software-defined network using simpler switching hardware for cost efficiency.
    • Bandwidth is managed by the Bandwidth Enforcer (BwE), optimizing the allocation of network resources to maximize performance.

    Load Balancing

    • The Global Software Load Balancer (GSLB) intelligently distributes incoming traffic based on geographic location and current loads across frontend servers.

    Monitoring and Reliability

    • Borgmon: A monitoring program that collects metrics for alerting and historical data analysis, ensuring service reliability.
    • Chubby Lock Service manages filesystem-like locks across datacenter locations, crucial for load balancing and data consistency.

    Software Architecture

    • Google’s software is written to maximize hardware capabilities, implemented as heavily multithreaded for efficiency.
    • Communication between services occurs via a Remote Procedure Call (RPC) infrastructure, facilitating modularity and scaling with systems like Stubby.

    Development Environment

    • Engineers work from a shared repository, allowing collaborative fixing and improving components across projects. Continuous integration and testing are emphasized throughout the development cycle.

    Case Study: Shakespeare Service

    • A service designed to index Shakespeare’s works includes batch processing to create a Bigtable index and a frontend to handle user queries.
    • Utilizes MapReduce for batch indexing: multiple phases involve mapping, shuffling, and reducing to organize search results efficiently.

    Request Lifecycle

    • Users access the service through a web interface that integrates DNS resolution, GSLB traffic management, and backend server lookups to retrieve and deliver results rapidly.
    • The request executes quickly, within milliseconds, emphasizing the efficiency of Google’s infrastructure.

    Job and Data Organization

    • Peak load requirements dictate multiple backend tasks distributed globally, considering latency and resource management strategies.
    • Bigtable data is replicated regionally to minimize access time while ensuring resilience against server failures.

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    Description

    Explore the unique features and challenges of Google Datacenters as compared to conventional datacenters. Learn about resource management, storage solutions, and the role of proprietary hardware in supporting vast computations.

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