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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a gram-negative cocci?
Which of the following is NOT a gram-negative cocci?
- Moraxella catarrhalis
- Megasphaera
- Veilonella spp. (correct)
- Neisseria spp.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Neisseria species?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Neisseria species?
- Catalase positive
- Gram-positive (correct)
- Oxidase positive
- Cell division in two planes
Which of the following is NOT a member of the HACEK group?
Which of the following is NOT a member of the HACEK group?
- none of above
- Aggregative bacter (correct)
- Haemophilus spp.
- Eikenella corrodens
What does a positive catalase test indicate?
What does a positive catalase test indicate?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
What is the major role of pili and capsule in the pathogenesis of Neisseria?
What is the major role of pili and capsule in the pathogenesis of Neisseria?
Which of the following is a virulence factor of Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
Which of the following is a virulence factor of Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
Where does Neisseria gonorrhoeae primarily occur in the human body?
Where does Neisseria gonorrhoeae primarily occur in the human body?
Which of the following is a virulence factor of Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
Which of the following is a virulence factor of Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
What is the mode of transmission for Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
What is the mode of transmission for Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
Which of the following is a clinical symptom of meningococcal meningitis?
Which of the following is a clinical symptom of meningococcal meningitis?
What is the definitive diagnosis for Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
What is the definitive diagnosis for Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
Which agar medium is the medium of choice for culture of Neisseria spp.?
Which agar medium is the medium of choice for culture of Neisseria spp.?
What is the purpose of the oxidase test in the identification of Neisseria spp.?
What is the purpose of the oxidase test in the identification of Neisseria spp.?
Which carbohydrate is expected to be positive in the carbohydrate utilization test for N. gonorrhoeae?
Which carbohydrate is expected to be positive in the carbohydrate utilization test for N. gonorrhoeae?
Which enzyme is specific for N. gonorrhoeae in the chromogenic assay?
Which enzyme is specific for N. gonorrhoeae in the chromogenic assay?
Which of the following is true about N. meningitidis and N. gonorrhoeae?
Which of the following is true about N. meningitidis and N. gonorrhoeae?
What is the primary technique for specimen collection in laboratory diagnosis of gonorrhea?
What is the primary technique for specimen collection in laboratory diagnosis of gonorrhea?
What is the incubation period for gonorrhea?
What is the incubation period for gonorrhea?
Which of the following is a potential complication of gonorrhea in females?
Which of the following is a potential complication of gonorrhea in females?
What is the appearance of colonies of this bacteria on BAP and CAP?
What is the appearance of colonies of this bacteria on BAP and CAP?
What is the optimum growth temperature for Moraxella catarrhalis
What is the optimum growth temperature for Moraxella catarrhalis
What is the drug of choice for treating infections caused by this Neisseria Mengitidis
What is the drug of choice for treating infections caused by this Neisseria Mengitidis
Which age group is the quadrivalent vaccine recommended for?
Which age group is the quadrivalent vaccine recommended for?
What is the substrate used to detect butyrate esterase activity?
What is the substrate used to detect butyrate esterase activity?
Which of the following is NOT a situation where Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (NAAT) is recommended?
Which of the following is NOT a situation where Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (NAAT) is recommended?
What is the gold standard according to WHO for testing gonorrhea?
What is the gold standard according to WHO for testing gonorrhea?
Which antibiotic is recommended by CDC for the treatment of uncomplicated urogenital, rectal, and pharyngeal gonorrhea?
Which antibiotic is recommended by CDC for the treatment of uncomplicated urogenital, rectal, and pharyngeal gonorrhea?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Neisseria meningitidis?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Neisseria meningitidis?
Which of the following is a mode of transmission for Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
Which of the following is a mode of transmission for Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
What is the incubation period for gonorrhea?
What is the incubation period for gonorrhea?
Which of the following is a symptom of acute urethritis caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
Which of the following is a symptom of acute urethritis caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
What is the most common complication of endocervicitis caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
What is the most common complication of endocervicitis caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
What percentage of cases of endocervicitis caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae are asymptomatic?
What percentage of cases of endocervicitis caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae are asymptomatic?
What is the chief complaint in oropharyngeal gonorrhea caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
What is the chief complaint in oropharyngeal gonorrhea caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
Which of the following is a potential complication of gonorrhea in females?
Which of the following is a potential complication of gonorrhea in females?
What is the mode of transmission for ophthalmia neonatorum, a newborn gonococcal eye infection?
What is the mode of transmission for ophthalmia neonatorum, a newborn gonococcal eye infection?
What is the mode of transmission for adult ocular gonorrhea?
What is the mode of transmission for adult ocular gonorrhea?
Approximately what percentage of women with genital gonorrhea have concurrent rectal infection?
Approximately what percentage of women with genital gonorrhea have concurrent rectal infection?
Which of the following bacteria is catalase positive and oxidase positive?
Which of the following bacteria is catalase positive and oxidase positive?
Which bacteria is the causative agent of meningococcemia and meningococcal meningitis?
Which bacteria is the causative agent of meningococcemia and meningococcal meningitis?
Which bacteria is the causative agent of gonorrhea?
Which bacteria is the causative agent of gonorrhea?
Which bacteria is considered a normal part of the human oral biota?
Which bacteria is considered a normal part of the human oral biota?
Which bacteria is known for its gliding motility?
Which bacteria is known for its gliding motility?
Which bacteria can express both pore A and B genes in its outer membrane proteins?
Which bacteria can express both pore A and B genes in its outer membrane proteins?
Which bacteria can only express Pore B genes in its outer membrane proteins?
Which bacteria can only express Pore B genes in its outer membrane proteins?
Which bacteria possess AHU auxotype strain and can be asymptomatic carriers for increased disease transmission?
Which bacteria possess AHU auxotype strain and can be asymptomatic carriers for increased disease transmission?
Which bacteria can cause scarring and infertility due to damage to the ciliated cells of the fallopian tube?
Which bacteria can cause scarring and infertility due to damage to the ciliated cells of the fallopian tube?
Which bacteria's major virulence factors include pili and capsule?
Which bacteria's major virulence factors include pili and capsule?
Which of the following is the most appropriate specimen collection technique for the laboratory diagnosis of gonorrhea?
Which of the following is the most appropriate specimen collection technique for the laboratory diagnosis of gonorrhea?
Which of the following is the most suitable transport system for gonococci specimens?
Which of the following is the most suitable transport system for gonococci specimens?
Which agar medium is the medium of choice for culture of Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
Which agar medium is the medium of choice for culture of Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
What is the color of colonies of Neisseria gonorrhoeae on Chocolate agar after 48 hours?
What is the color of colonies of Neisseria gonorrhoeae on Chocolate agar after 48 hours?
What is the most suitable temperature for the incubation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
What is the most suitable temperature for the incubation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
What is the major virulence factor of Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
What is the major virulence factor of Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
Which test is used to detect bacterial cytochrome oxidase in Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
Which test is used to detect bacterial cytochrome oxidase in Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
Which of the following is a potential complication of gonorrhea in females?
Which of the following is a potential complication of gonorrhea in females?
What is the purpose of the oxidase test in the identification of Neisseria spp.?
What is the purpose of the oxidase test in the identification of Neisseria spp.?
Which agar medium is used in the Carbohydrate Utilization Test for the identification of Neisseria spp.?
Which agar medium is used in the Carbohydrate Utilization Test for the identification of Neisseria spp.?
What is the indicator used in the Carbohydrate Utilization Test?
What is the indicator used in the Carbohydrate Utilization Test?
Which enzyme is produced by N. gonorrhoeae in the Chromogenic Assay?
Which enzyme is produced by N. gonorrhoeae in the Chromogenic Assay?
Which bacteria is indicated by a blue color in the Carbohydrate Utilization Test?
Which bacteria is indicated by a blue color in the Carbohydrate Utilization Test?
Which method uses monoclonal antibodies attached to killed S. aureus cells for the identification of N. gonorrhoeae?
Which method uses monoclonal antibodies attached to killed S. aureus cells for the identification of N. gonorrhoeae?
Which method uses fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled antibodies for the confirmation of N. gonorrhoeae?
Which method uses fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled antibodies for the confirmation of N. gonorrhoeae?
Which method uses antibodies adsorbed to metal sol particles for the identification of N. gonorrhoeae?
Which method uses antibodies adsorbed to metal sol particles for the identification of N. gonorrhoeae?
Which method is considered the gold standard according to WHO for testing gonorrhea?
Which method is considered the gold standard according to WHO for testing gonorrhea?
Which antibiotic is recommended by CDC for the treatment of uncomplicated urogenital, rectal, and pharyngeal gonorrhea?
Which antibiotic is recommended by CDC for the treatment of uncomplicated urogenital, rectal, and pharyngeal gonorrhea?
Which antibiotic can be used as an alternative for penicillin in patients who are allergic to it?
Which antibiotic can be used as an alternative for penicillin in patients who are allergic to it?
Which of the following is a behavioral risk factor for Neisseria meningitidis?
Which of the following is a behavioral risk factor for Neisseria meningitidis?
Which of the following is NOT a globally important serotype of Neisseria meningitidis?
Which of the following is NOT a globally important serotype of Neisseria meningitidis?
Which region frequently experiences epidemics of Neisseria meningitidis during hot and dry seasons?
Which region frequently experiences epidemics of Neisseria meningitidis during hot and dry seasons?
What is the incubation period for Neisseria meningitidis?
What is the incubation period for Neisseria meningitidis?
Which of the following is a symptom of meningococcemia?
Which of the following is a symptom of meningococcemia?
Which specimen is commonly used for the laboratory diagnosis of Neisseria meningitidis?
Which specimen is commonly used for the laboratory diagnosis of Neisseria meningitidis?
Which staining method is used to visualize Neisseria meningitidis?
Which staining method is used to visualize Neisseria meningitidis?
Which agar medium is commonly used for the culture of Neisseria meningitidis?
Which agar medium is commonly used for the culture of Neisseria meningitidis?
Which complication can occur in meningococcal meningitis?
Which complication can occur in meningococcal meningitis?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Neisseria Meningitidis?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Neisseria Meningitidis?
What is the drug of choice for treating Neisseria meningitidis infections?
What is the drug of choice for treating Neisseria meningitidis infections?
Which serotypes are included in the quadrivalent vaccine for Neisseria meningitidis?
Which serotypes are included in the quadrivalent vaccine for Neisseria meningitidis?
At what age is the first dose of the quadrivalent vaccine for Neisseria meningitidis recommended to be given?
At what age is the first dose of the quadrivalent vaccine for Neisseria meningitidis recommended to be given?
How many doses of the serogroup B vaccine for Neisseria meningitidis are recommended?
How many doses of the serogroup B vaccine for Neisseria meningitidis are recommended?
Which antigen is weakly antigenic and has a similar structure with human glycoprotein?
Which antigen is weakly antigenic and has a similar structure with human glycoprotein?
Which test can be used to confirm the presence of Neisseria meningitidis?
Which test can be used to confirm the presence of Neisseria meningitidis?
Which antibiotic can be used as an alternative for penicillin in patients allergic to it?
Which antibiotic can be used as an alternative for penicillin in patients allergic to it?
Which vaccine is recommended for individuals at risk of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B infection?
Which vaccine is recommended for individuals at risk of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B infection?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Moraxella catarrhalis?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Moraxella catarrhalis?
Which of the following is a differentiation factor between Moraxella catarrhalis and Neisseria?
Which of the following is a differentiation factor between Moraxella catarrhalis and Neisseria?
What is the purpose of the DNAse agar in the identification of Moraxella catarrhalis?
What is the purpose of the DNAse agar in the identification of Moraxella catarrhalis?
Which of the following Neisseria species are saccharolytic and can grow on selective media?
Which of the following Neisseria species are saccharolytic and can grow on selective media?
Which of the following Neisseria species are asaccharolytic and unable to grow on selective media?
Which of the following Neisseria species are asaccharolytic and unable to grow on selective media?
What is the indicator used in the Carbohydrate Utilization Test for Neisseria species?
What is the indicator used in the Carbohydrate Utilization Test for Neisseria species?
What is the expected result on the commensal neisseria for saccharolytic Neisseria species?
What is the expected result on the commensal neisseria for saccharolytic Neisseria species?
What is the expected result on the commensal neisseria for asaccharolytic Neisseria species?
What is the expected result on the commensal neisseria for asaccharolytic Neisseria species?
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Study Notes
Gram-Negative Cocci
- Veillonella is not a gram-negative cocci.
Neisseria Species
- Neisseria species are NOT bipolar staining.
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae primarily occurs in the mucous membranes of the human body.
- Pili and capsule are major virulence factors of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, facilitating adherence and invasion.
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae is transmitted through sexual contact, vertically from mother to child, and occasionally through contact with contaminated feces.
- The definitive diagnosis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae is made by culture on Thayer-Martin agar or Chocolate agar.
- Oxidase test is used to identify Neisseria spp.
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae is catalase positive and oxidase positive.
HACEK Group
- Eikenella corrodens is a member of the HACEK group.
Catalase Test
- A positive catalase test indicates the presence of the enzyme catalase.
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a virulence factor of itself.
- It primarily occurs in the mucous membranes of the human body.
- The mode of transmission is through sexual contact, vertically from mother to child, and occasionally through contact with contaminated feces.
- The definitive diagnosis is made by culture on Thayer-Martin agar or Chocolate agar.
- Nitrate reductase is a characteristic of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
- Glucose is the carbohydrate that is expected to be positive in the carbohydrate utilization test.
Meningococcal Meningitis
- Meningococcal meningitis is a clinical symptom of Neisseria meningitidis.
- The definitive diagnosis is made by culture on Chocolate agar or Thayer-Martin agar.
- The gold standard for testing gonorrhea is Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (NAAT) according to WHO.
- Ceftriaxone is the antibiotic recommended by CDC for the treatment of uncomplicated urogenital, rectal, and pharyngeal gonorrhea.
Moraxella Catarrhalis
- Moraxella catarrhalis is a gram-negative diplococcus.
- It is catalase positive and oxidase positive.
- The optimum growth temperature for Moraxella catarrhalis is 35-37°C.
- The DNAse agar is used to identify Moraxella catarrhalis.
- The purpose of the DNAse agar is to detect the production of DNAse.
Other Facts
- Neisseria meningitidis is the causative agent of meningococcemia and meningococcal meningitis.
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the causative agent of gonorrhea.
- Moraxella catarrhalis is a part of the normal human oral biota.
- Moraxella catarrhalis is known for its gliding motility.
- Neisseria meningitidis can express both pore A and B genes in its outer membrane proteins.
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae can cause scarring and infertility due to damage to the ciliated cells of the fallopian tube.
- The quadrivalent vaccine is recommended for individuals aged 11-12 years old and includes serotypes A, C, W, and Y.
- The first dose of the quadrivalent vaccine is recommended to be given at 11-12 years old.
- Three doses of the serogroup B vaccine are recommended.
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