Podcast
Questions and Answers
What role do Golgi Tendon Organs (GTOs) play in monitoring muscle activity?
What role do Golgi Tendon Organs (GTOs) play in monitoring muscle activity?
GTOs monitor muscle force and tension produced during active muscle contraction.
How do GTOs respond to passive muscle stretch versus active contraction?
How do GTOs respond to passive muscle stretch versus active contraction?
GTOs are insensitive to passive muscle stretch but reflect muscle activity better during active contraction.
Describe the relationship between GTO firing rates and muscle force.
Describe the relationship between GTO firing rates and muscle force.
GTO discharge rate is approximately linear and scales with increasing muscle force.
What is the significance of the GTO population code?
What is the significance of the GTO population code?
Explain the feedback pathway provided by GTOs to the central nervous system.
Explain the feedback pathway provided by GTOs to the central nervous system.
What is autogenic inhibition and its relation to GTOs?
What is autogenic inhibition and its relation to GTOs?
How do GTOs integrate input from different sources?
How do GTOs integrate input from different sources?
Why might the term 'Ib inhibitory interneuron' be considered misleading in the context of GTOs?
Why might the term 'Ib inhibitory interneuron' be considered misleading in the context of GTOs?
Where are Golgi Tendon Organs (GTOs) located in relation to muscle fibers?
Where are Golgi Tendon Organs (GTOs) located in relation to muscle fibers?
What type of afferent fiber innervates the Golgi Tendon Organ?
What type of afferent fiber innervates the Golgi Tendon Organ?
How do GTOs differ from muscle spindles in terms of their location and structure?
How do GTOs differ from muscle spindles in terms of their location and structure?
What do Golgi Tendon Organs primarily code for in relation to muscle function?
What do Golgi Tendon Organs primarily code for in relation to muscle function?
What level of force is necessary to activate a GTO during passive stretch compared to muscle fiber activation?
What level of force is necessary to activate a GTO during passive stretch compared to muscle fiber activation?
What percentage of GTOs have two Ib afferents innervating them?
What percentage of GTOs have two Ib afferents innervating them?
In what way do Golgi Tendon Organs contribute to muscle sensitivity during contraction?
In what way do Golgi Tendon Organs contribute to muscle sensitivity during contraction?
What is one of the primary roles of the Golgi Tendon Organ in relation to the central nervous system?
What is one of the primary roles of the Golgi Tendon Organ in relation to the central nervous system?
Flashcards
Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO)
Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO)
Sensory receptor located at the tendon junction, providing feedback about muscle force or tension.
GTO location
GTO location
GTOs are located at the tendon junction of muscles, while muscle spindles are located within the muscle belly.
Ib afferent fiber
Ib afferent fiber
The sensory nerve fiber that innervates the Golgi tendon organ.
GTO sensitivity
GTO sensitivity
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Muscle force
Muscle force
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GTO structure
GTO structure
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Muscle spindles
Muscle spindles
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Feedback pathways
Feedback pathways
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GTO function
GTO function
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Active vs. Passive Stretch
Active vs. Passive Stretch
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Population Code
Population Code
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GTO firing rate
GTO firing rate
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Ib afferent
Ib afferent
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Autogenic Inhibition
Autogenic Inhibition
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Motor Feedback
Motor Feedback
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Study Notes
Golgi Tendon Organs (GTOs)
- GTOs are located at the tendon junction
- Spindles are spread throughout the muscle belly
- Spindles lie parallel to muscle fibres, GTOs are in series
- Capsule is 1mm by 0.1mm
- 10-20 muscle fibers
- Not all muscle fibers pass through a GTO; some are in series and some are in parallel
- The afferent fiber that innervates the Golgi tendon organ is the 1B afferent
- Each GTO has a single Ib afferent, although 2% of GTOs have 2 afferents
- Nerve endings interdigitate among collagen fibers
- GTOs are sensitive to muscle contraction
- GTOs code for muscle force/tension
- Active contraction > passive stretch
- GTO population code (ensemble code)
- Provide feedback to the CNS via negative feedback pathway
GTO Sensitivity and Unloading
- Once thought that GTOs were designed to signal dangerously high force levels
- However, the force needed to excite a GTO depends on activation mode
- Passive stretch requires approximately 2 Newtons
- Activation of a single muscle fibre requires 30-90 millinewtons, which will also activate the GTO
- Therefore, GTOs are more sensitive to actively generated forces than passive forces
GTO Response to Muscle Contraction
- GTOs respond linearly to muscle force
- In series versus parallel response to muscle shortening and increased tension in a twitch
GTO Feedback
- GTOs provide feedback to the spinal cord via Ib afferents
- Disynaptic connection to motor neurons
- Ib inhibitory interneurons
- Perhaps an inappropriate name as this interneuron gets input from cutaneous, joint, and many descending sources
- Autogenic inhibition: inhibits agonist muscle.
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Description
Explore the structure and function of Golgi Tendon Organs (GTOs), which are critical for sensing muscle force and tension. This quiz covers their location, sensitivity, and role in providing feedback to the central nervous system. Delve into the details of their afferent innervation and population coding.
