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Questions and Answers
From which municipality has gold traditionally been extracted?
From which municipality has gold traditionally been extracted?
Bontoc
What precious metal has a historical extraction connection to the Bontoc municipality?
What precious metal has a historical extraction connection to the Bontoc municipality?
Gold
Where has gold extraction traditionally taken place?
Where has gold extraction traditionally taken place?
Bontoc
Which municipality has a historical association with gold extraction?
Which municipality has a historical association with gold extraction?
Name a municipality known for traditional gold extraction.
Name a municipality known for traditional gold extraction.
Who is the highest deity in the pre-Christian Bontoc belief system?
Who is the highest deity in the pre-Christian Bontoc belief system?
What is the name of the son of the supreme deity in the Bontoc belief system?
What is the name of the son of the supreme deity in the Bontoc belief system?
How did Lumawig descend to marry a Bontoc girl?
How did Lumawig descend to marry a Bontoc girl?
What is the central focus of the pre-Christian Bontoc belief system?
What is the central focus of the pre-Christian Bontoc belief system?
What does the Bontoc belief system emphasize in its spiritual hierarchy?
What does the Bontoc belief system emphasize in its spiritual hierarchy?
What is the meaning of the root word 'golot'?
What is the meaning of the root word 'golot'?
What does 'Igolot' mean?
What does 'Igolot' mean?
What language does the word 'Igolot' originate from?
What language does the word 'Igolot' originate from?
What does the term 'Igolot' refer to geographically?
What does the term 'Igolot' refer to geographically?
What does the name 'Igolot' signify about the people?
What does the name 'Igolot' signify about the people?
Which ethnic groups mainly make up the population mentioned in the text?
Which ethnic groups mainly make up the population mentioned in the text?
Apart from Balangaos and Gaddangs, which other group do some individuals identify with?
Apart from Balangaos and Gaddangs, which other group do some individuals identify with?
What is the predominant group among the Balangaos and Gaddangs?
What is the predominant group among the Balangaos and Gaddangs?
In terms of quantity, are Balangaos and Gaddangs the only groups mentioned?
In terms of quantity, are Balangaos and Gaddangs the only groups mentioned?
Which group has a smaller presence compared to Balangaos and Gaddangs?
Which group has a smaller presence compared to Balangaos and Gaddangs?
Who is the Bontok hero associated with the ator?
Who is the Bontok hero associated with the ator?
What type of institution is the ator?
What type of institution is the ator?
What is usually found at the ceremonial place where the ator is identified?
What is usually found at the ceremonial place where the ator is identified?
How many headhunting skulls are typically present at the ceremonial place of the ator?
How many headhunting skulls are typically present at the ceremonial place of the ator?
What political institution is linked to the Bontok hero Lumawig?
What political institution is linked to the Bontok hero Lumawig?
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Study Notes
Etymology of Igolot
- Igolot comes from the root word "golot", meaning "mountain", and translates to "people from the mountains" or "Mountaineer" in Tagalog.
Composition of Igolot
- The Igolot group primarily consists of the Balangaos and Gaddangs.
- A significant portion of the Igolot also identify as part of the Kalinga group.
Traditional Gold Extraction
- Gold has been traditionally extracted from the Bontoc municipality.
Pre-Christian Bontoc Belief System
- The pre-Christian Bontoc belief system is centered on a hierarchy of spirits.
- The highest deity in the hierarchy is a supreme being called Intutungcho.
- Intutungcho's son, Lumawig, is said to have descended from the sky (chayya) to marry a Bontoc girl.
Lumawig and the Ator Institution
- Lumawig, the Bontoc hero, instituted the ator, a political institution.
- The ator is associated with a ceremonial place adorned with headhunting skulls.
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