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Questions and Answers
What are the requirements of an unpressurized aircraft at 15,000 ft?
What are the requirements of an unpressurized aircraft at 15,000 ft?
The crew must use oxygen for the entire time above 14,000 ft.
What must be used in conjunction with the FA to determine hazardous information for the flight?
What must be used in conjunction with the FA to determine hazardous information for the flight?
Hazardous weather meeting AIRMET and SIGMET criteria.
After being handed off to the final approach controller during a 'no gyro' surveillance or precision approach, the pilot should make all turns?
After being handed off to the final approach controller during a 'no gyro' surveillance or precision approach, the pilot should make all turns?
One half standard.
When may a pilot file a composite flight plan?
When may a pilot file a composite flight plan?
Approximately level pitch attitude is reached when the?
Approximately level pitch attitude is reached when the?
Why is there a note stating a temperature limitation for executing this approach with baro-VNAV equipment?
Why is there a note stating a temperature limitation for executing this approach with baro-VNAV equipment?
What does it indicate when you encounter freezing drizzle at your flight altitude?
What does it indicate when you encounter freezing drizzle at your flight altitude?
How does baro-VNAV provide vertical guidance during an RNAV approach?
How does baro-VNAV provide vertical guidance during an RNAV approach?
Upon arrival at your destination airport, what do you know if there is an active NOTAM stating 'WAAS may not be available'?
Upon arrival at your destination airport, what do you know if there is an active NOTAM stating 'WAAS may not be available'?
When not in radar contact, you should always report?
When not in radar contact, you should always report?
What does a blue light with tones of all dashes on the ILS approach indicate when the marker beacon shows?
What does a blue light with tones of all dashes on the ILS approach indicate when the marker beacon shows?
What colors are runway hold position signs?
What colors are runway hold position signs?
While making prolonged constant rate turns in IFR, what illusion is created by abrupt head moves?
While making prolonged constant rate turns in IFR, what illusion is created by abrupt head moves?
If an aircraft on final approach and on glideslope encounters a sudden change from 20 knots tailwind to 20 knots headwind, what should the pilot be ready to correct for?
If an aircraft on final approach and on glideslope encounters a sudden change from 20 knots tailwind to 20 knots headwind, what should the pilot be ready to correct for?
What indication is presented by the miniature aircraft of the turn coordinator?
What indication is presented by the miniature aircraft of the turn coordinator?
What is a radar summary chart?
What is a radar summary chart?
Which of these facilities may be substituted for a MM during a complete ILS IAP?
Which of these facilities may be substituted for a MM during a complete ILS IAP?
What is a force of ice, snow, or frost forming on an airplane wing?
What is a force of ice, snow, or frost forming on an airplane wing?
During normal operations of a vacuum-driven attitude indicator, what should you see when rolling out of a 180 skidding turn to straight and level?
During normal operations of a vacuum-driven attitude indicator, what should you see when rolling out of a 180 skidding turn to straight and level?
What should you do if you are in IMC and have two-way radio comms failure?
What should you do if you are in IMC and have two-way radio comms failure?
What facilities, if any, may be substituted for an inoperative middle marker during an ILS approach without affecting straight-in minimums?
What facilities, if any, may be substituted for an inoperative middle marker during an ILS approach without affecting straight-in minimums?
What condition causes the altimeter to indicate a lower altitude than actually flown?
What condition causes the altimeter to indicate a lower altitude than actually flown?
The HIWAS is continued broadcast over selected VORs of?
The HIWAS is continued broadcast over selected VORs of?
What feature is associated with the tropopause?
What feature is associated with the tropopause?
Which is a characteristic of low-level wind shear as it involves low-level temperature inversion?
Which is a characteristic of low-level wind shear as it involves low-level temperature inversion?
What causes the northerly turning errors on a magnetic compass?
What causes the northerly turning errors on a magnetic compass?
When should your transponder be on mode C while on IFR flight?
When should your transponder be on mode C while on IFR flight?
If you encounter icing with the autopilot engaged, you should be aware that?
If you encounter icing with the autopilot engaged, you should be aware that?
What do STARs simplify?
What do STARs simplify?
While on IFR flight, what action must a pilot take if an emergency causes a deviation from ATC clearance?
While on IFR flight, what action must a pilot take if an emergency causes a deviation from ATC clearance?
What are the primary benefits of satellite-based area navigation?
What are the primary benefits of satellite-based area navigation?
What does the absence of sky condition and visibility on ATIS broadcast specifically imply?
What does the absence of sky condition and visibility on ATIS broadcast specifically imply?
Where do squall lines most often develop?
Where do squall lines most often develop?
What does a narrow runway that is unusual will have the same appearance as?
What does a narrow runway that is unusual will have the same appearance as?
What action should be taken if hyperventilation is suspected?
What action should be taken if hyperventilation is suspected?
What is your position relative to FLOSi northbound V213?
What is your position relative to FLOSi northbound V213?
When is radar service terminated during a visual approach?
When is radar service terminated during a visual approach?
What happens if the ram air input to the pitot head is blocked?
What happens if the ram air input to the pitot head is blocked?
What happens if the ram air input plus drain hole are blocked?
What happens if the ram air input plus drain hole are blocked?
How does LDA (localizer type directional aid) differ from ILS?
How does LDA (localizer type directional aid) differ from ILS?
During a no-gyro approach prior to being handed off to the approach controller, what should the pilot do?
During a no-gyro approach prior to being handed off to the approach controller, what should the pilot do?
During the enroute phase of IFR flight, what action is appropriate when advised 'radar service terminated'?
During the enroute phase of IFR flight, what action is appropriate when advised 'radar service terminated'?
What does TWEB stand for and what does it provide?
What does TWEB stand for and what does it provide?
When tracking inbound on the LOC, what is the proper procedure regarding drift corrections?
When tracking inbound on the LOC, what is the proper procedure regarding drift corrections?
What is the width of the SDF?
What is the width of the SDF?
To operate an aircraft in IMC, when must a flight plan be filed and ATC clearance received?
To operate an aircraft in IMC, when must a flight plan be filed and ATC clearance received?
What does the Baldwin Muni VOR/DME or GPS A missed approach procedure require?
What does the Baldwin Muni VOR/DME or GPS A missed approach procedure require?
If no MCA is specified, what is the lowest altitude for crossing a radio fix beyond which a higher minimum applies?
If no MCA is specified, what is the lowest altitude for crossing a radio fix beyond which a higher minimum applies?
What limitation is imposed on a newly certified commercial airplane pilot if the person doesn't hold an instrument pilot rating?
What limitation is imposed on a newly certified commercial airplane pilot if the person doesn't hold an instrument pilot rating?
What should the pilot do if EFD displays fail in IFR?
What should the pilot do if EFD displays fail in IFR?
Before a pilot may plan to execute an RNAV approach to LPV minimums, what aircraft documents are required?
Before a pilot may plan to execute an RNAV approach to LPV minimums, what aircraft documents are required?
Which of the following is required equipment when operating an aircraft within Class B airspace?
Which of the following is required equipment when operating an aircraft within Class B airspace?
Which is true concerning airplane structural icing?
Which is true concerning airplane structural icing?
What does 'cleared IGN V58' indicate?
What does 'cleared IGN V58' indicate?
What does the miniature airplane on the turn coordinator indicate?
What does the miniature airplane on the turn coordinator indicate?
Under what condition does advection fog usually form?
Under what condition does advection fog usually form?
What is a characteristic of low-level wind shear as it relates to frontal activity?
What is a characteristic of low-level wind shear as it relates to frontal activity?
What is the difference between Localizer Directional Aid (LDA) and ILS localizer?
What is the difference between Localizer Directional Aid (LDA) and ILS localizer?
What does VOR/DME buck runway 36 missed indicate?
What does VOR/DME buck runway 36 missed indicate?
Area forecasts cover a geographical area of?
Area forecasts cover a geographical area of?
If your destination airport doesn't have an instrument approach, do you need an alternate?
If your destination airport doesn't have an instrument approach, do you need an alternate?
What can occur when true altitude is lower than indicated altitude?
What can occur when true altitude is lower than indicated altitude?
What should you expect when cruising in rain with a flight level temperature above freezing?
What should you expect when cruising in rain with a flight level temperature above freezing?
What happens while in glide slope for an ILS if a tailwind shears to a headwind?
What happens while in glide slope for an ILS if a tailwind shears to a headwind?
What does the presence of wet snow at your flight altitude indicate?
What does the presence of wet snow at your flight altitude indicate?
What is the aural indication by the outer marker?
What is the aural indication by the outer marker?
Which instrument is the primary for bank control in straight and level flight?
Which instrument is the primary for bank control in straight and level flight?
What is the entry for E tempco left turn?
What is the entry for E tempco left turn?
When making a timed approach from a holding fix at the outer marker, how should the pilot adjust the?
When making a timed approach from a holding fix at the outer marker, how should the pilot adjust the?
How can roll upsets caused by ice accumulation forward of the ailerons be remedied?
How can roll upsets caused by ice accumulation forward of the ailerons be remedied?
What does a surface analysis chart depict?
What does a surface analysis chart depict?
What is expected of you as the pilot of an IFR flight plan if you’re descending or climbing in VFR conditions?
What is expected of you as the pilot of an IFR flight plan if you’re descending or climbing in VFR conditions?
What is the feature of a tricolor VASI?
What is the feature of a tricolor VASI?
During IFR en route and terminal operations using an approved GPS system for navigation, what must ground-based navigation facilities do?
During IFR en route and terminal operations using an approved GPS system for navigation, what must ground-based navigation facilities do?
What is the characteristic of cumulonimbus clouds?
What is the characteristic of cumulonimbus clouds?
What reports are required of a flight on an IFR clearance specifying VFR on top in a non-radar environment?
What reports are required of a flight on an IFR clearance specifying VFR on top in a non-radar environment?
Which runway markings indicate a displaced threshold on an instrument runway?
Which runway markings indicate a displaced threshold on an instrument runway?
What does the inner marker indication show?
What does the inner marker indication show?
How is ATC radar used for an instrument approach when the facility is approved for approach control service?
How is ATC radar used for an instrument approach when the facility is approved for approach control service?
What is true regarding the use of an instrument procedure chart?
What is true regarding the use of an instrument procedure chart?
What is the reason pilots should use the local altimeter setting?
What is the reason pilots should use the local altimeter setting?
While airborne, what is the maximum variation between two indicated bearings when checking a VOR system against each other?
While airborne, what is the maximum variation between two indicated bearings when checking a VOR system against each other?
What should you review a convective outlook to find?
What should you review a convective outlook to find?
What is the strength and location of the jet stream?
What is the strength and location of the jet stream?
Hazardous wind shear is commonly encountered near the ground during?
Hazardous wind shear is commonly encountered near the ground during?
What is the VFR on top cruising altitude based on?
What is the VFR on top cruising altitude based on?
Regarding SLD, which statement is true?
Regarding SLD, which statement is true?
What can ice, snow, or frost do?
What can ice, snow, or frost do?
How should altitude corrections less than 100 ft be corrected?
How should altitude corrections less than 100 ft be corrected?
Before beginning any flight under IFR, what must the PIC become familiar with?
Before beginning any flight under IFR, what must the PIC become familiar with?
When ATC issues an amended clearance, what should your clearance include?
When ATC issues an amended clearance, what should your clearance include?
Stability of the atmosphere can be determined by?
Stability of the atmosphere can be determined by?
What is the impact of even a small amount of accumulated ice?
What is the impact of even a small amount of accumulated ice?
During recoveries from unusual attitudes, when is level flight attained?
During recoveries from unusual attitudes, when is level flight attained?
What should pilots be alert for when a climb or descent through an inversion is being performed?
What should pilots be alert for when a climb or descent through an inversion is being performed?
What type of icing should be expected when you encounter SLD that splash or splatter on impact at temperatures below 5°C?
What type of icing should be expected when you encounter SLD that splash or splatter on impact at temperatures below 5°C?
What does the runway threshold bar indicate?
What does the runway threshold bar indicate?
Where may you use a surveillance approach?
Where may you use a surveillance approach?
What substitution is appropriate during an ILS approach?
What substitution is appropriate during an ILS approach?
What is the primary reason for a departure procedure?
What is the primary reason for a departure procedure?
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Study Notes
Unpressurized Aircraft Requirements
- Oxygen is required for crew above 14,000 feet for the entire duration of flight.
Hazardous Weather Criteria
- AIRMET and SIGMET used alongside Flight Advisories (FA) for flight safety information.
Final Approach Control Protocol
- During a "no gyro" approach, all turns should be made at half standard rate.
Composite Flight Plan Filing
- Can be filed any time part of the flight will be conducted VFR (Visual Flight Rules).
Unusual Attitude Recovery
- A level pitch attitude is indicated when the altimeter and airspeed stabilize.
Baro-VNAV Temperature Limitations
- Safe execution of approaches with Baro-VNAV is restricted below certain temperatures to avoid unsafe heights above obstacles.
Freezing Drizzle Implications
- Encountering freezing drizzle at altitude indicates warmer air above.
Baro-VNAV Vertical Guidance
- Provides guidance through defined vertical angles or altitudes utilizing local altimeter settings.
LNAV/VNAV Service Availability
- LNAV/VNAV service remains available despite NOTAM indicating WAAS may not be operational.
Reporting in Non-Radar Contact
- Always report departing the Final Approach Fix (FAF) inbound if out of radar contact.
Marker Beacon Indicators
- A blue light with continuous dashes indicates proximity to glide slope intercept (FAF).
Runway Hold Position Sign Colors
- Runway hold position signs have a white inscription on a red background.
Coriolis Illusion
- Caused by prolonged constant rate turns and abrupt head movements, leading to a false perception of rotation.
Sudden Headwind on Final Approach
- Pilots must be prepared for increased airspeed and potential glideslope deviation when encountering a drastic change in wind direction.
Turn Coordinator Indications
- Miniature aircraft on the turn coordinator shows indirect indications of bank attitude.
Radar Summary Chart
- Visual representation of radar weather reports displaying areas of precipitation and characteristics.
Middle Marker Substitution for ILS Approaches
- A compass locator or precision radar may substitute for the Middle Marker (MM).
Ice Formation Effects
- Ice, snow, or frost on wings results in a decreased angle of attack, increasing stall risk.
Vacuum Driven Attitude Indicator
- During a skidding turn, the miniature aircraft should show a turn opposite the skid upon level off.
Emergency Procedures for Radio Failures
- Set transponder to 7600, maintain assigned route, and fly last assigned altitude or MEA, whichever is higher.
Inoperative Middle Marker
- No substitution required during an ILS approach; minimums remain unchanged.
Altimeter Indication Errors
- Higher temperatures than standard can cause altimeters to indicate lower than actual altitude.
HIWAS Broadcast Information
- HIWAS transmits significant weather advisories, including SIGMETs and severe weather forecasts.
Tropopause Characteristics
- Notable for rapid temperature lapse rate changes.
Low-level Wind Shear
- Common before a warm front passes, posing potential hazards.
Magnetic Compass Errors
- Northern turning errors result from the vertical components of Earth’s magnetic field.
Transponder Usage in IFR
- Always set to Mode C if calibrated, unless otherwise instructed by ATC.
Autopilot and Icing
- Pilots should periodically disengage autopilot during icing conditions to maintain control.
Standard Terminal Arrival Routes (STARs)
- Simplify clearance delivery procedures.
Emergency ATC Clearance Deviations
- Notify ATC of any clearance deviation as soon as possible for an amended clearance.
Benefits of Satellite-Based Navigation
- GNSS facilitates direct flight paths tailored to operational needs.
ATIS Broadcast Implications
- Absence of sky condition and visibility implies ceilings over 5000 feet and visibility beyond 5 miles.
Squall Line Formation
- Typically forms ahead of cold fronts.
Narrow Runway Appearance
- Narrow runways appear similarly to upsloping runways.
Hyperventilation Response
- Breathe at a slower than normal rate to alleviate symptoms.
Position Relative to FLOSi
- Approach is from the left of V213 while nearing FLOSi.
Radar Service Termination
- Terminated automatically when instructed to contact the tower during a visual approach.
Pitot Head Blockage Effects
- Blocked ram air input results in an airspeed indication of zero.
Altimeter Behavior with Blocked Drain Hole
- Both ram air input and drain hole blockage result in functioning as an altimeter.
Differences Between LDA and ILS
- LDA localizers are offset from the runway with a width of 3 to 6 degrees.
Prior to No Gyro Approach Controller Hand-off
- Turns should be conducted at standard rate before controller hand-off.
Radar Service Procedures
- Resume normal position reporting after "radar service terminated" during enroute IFR flight.
Transcribed Weather Broadcast (TWEB)
- Provides updates on sky cover, cloud tops, weather conditions, and visibility.
Drift Corrections on LOC Tracking
- Establish drift corrections prior to the outer marker, keeping corrections minimal during the approach.
Standardized Width of SDF
- SDFs typically range from 6 to 12 degrees wide.
IFR Flight Plan Requirements
- Must have filed a flight plan and received ATC clearance before entering controlled Class A airspace.
Missed Approach Procedures
- Conduct missed approaches in a parallel manner when required.
Minimum Altitudes for Radio Fix Crossings
- Without a specified MCA, the lowest altitude is MEA.
Commercial Pilot Limitations
- Newly certified commercial pilots without an instrument rating cannot carry passengers over 50 NM or at night.
Emergency Flight Management
- Backup flight references must be utilized if EFD displays fail during IFR.
Required Aircraft Documentation for RNAV Approaches
- A statement in the aircraft manual must confirm capability for LPV approaches using WAAS.
Equipment Required for Class B Airspace
- Must have a 4096 transponder with altitude reporting capabilities.
Airplane Structural Icing
- The tailplane is generally a more effective ice collector compared to wings.
Specific Fuel Requirements on IGN V58
- 41 minutes of flight requires 12 gallons of fuel.
Turn Coordinator Miniature Aircraft Indications
- Reflects rate of roll and turn during maneuvers.
Advection Fog Conditions
- Typically forms when moist air moves over colder surfaces.
Low-Level Wind Shear and Frontal Activity
- The critical period of wind shear occurs prior to the passage of a warm front.
LDA vs. ILS Localizer Differences
- LDA is not aligned with the runway compared to ILS.
Surface Analysis Chart Information
- Displays pressure patterns, frontal positions, temperature, dew point, and weather conditions.
Pilot Responsibilities in IFR/VFR Transitions
- Maintain gentle bank turns while visually scanning the airspace.
Tricolor VASI Features
- Comprising one light projector with red, green, and amber lights.
Ground-Based Navigation During IFR
- Must be operational when RAIM predicts an outage.
Cumulonimbus Clouds Characteristics
- Known for severe turbulence and violent weather conditions.
Required Reports for VFR on Top in IFR
- Reports required are akin to those for any IFR flight.
Displaced Threshold Indications
- Marked by arrows leading to the threshold indication for instrument runways.
Inner Marker Indication
- Produces six dots per second accompanied by flashing white light.
ATC Use of Radar for Instrument Approaches
- Provides course guidance and monitors non-radar approaches as part of approach control.
Instrument Procedure Chart Requirements
- Pilots must have the approved textual or graphical procedure available during use.
Importance of Altimeter Settings
- Local altimeter settings ensure proper vertical separation between aircraft.
VOR System Airborne Bearing Variation
- Variance between indicated bearings should not exceed four degrees for VOR checks.
Convective Outlook Reviews
- Reviews determine risks for severe thunderstorms.
Jet Stream Characteristics
- Typically weaker and positioned farther north during summer months.
Wind Shear Encounter Factors
- Often occurs during strong temperature inversions and thunderstorms.
VFR on Top Cruising Altitude
- Based on magnetic course direction.
Supercooled Large Droplets (SLD) Presence
- Can occur at high altitudes, even without active precipitation.
Icing Effects on Aircraft Performance
- Accumulation of ice, snow, or frost can significantly impair lift and increase drag.
Altitude Corrections on Attitude Indicators
- Recommended corrections are half the width of the attitude indicator.
Preflight Information Requirements
- Must familiarize with runway lengths, takeoff and landing data prior to any IFR flight.
Amended Clearance Responses
- Should include changes to altitude or heading and additional verification when ATC issues an amended clearance.
Atmospheric Stability Indicators
- Determined by examining moisture levels and temperature variations.
Dangers of Ice Accumulation
- Even minor ice accumulation increases aircraft weight and impairs lift capabilities.
Recovery from Unusual Attitudes
- Level flight achieved when altimeter and airspeed indications stabilize without reversing movement.
Inversion Climb or Descent Alerts
- Be vigilant for sudden changes in airspeed while climbing or descending through an inversion.
SLD Icing Expectations
- Anticipate icing that forms on the wing aft of deicing boots when encountering SLD at temperatures below 5°C.
Threshold Bar Indicators
- Marks the beginning of runways open for landing.
Surveillance Approach Allowance
- Possible at airports with published civil radar instrument approach minimums.
ILS Approach Substitution Protocols
- Localizer minimums should substitute for ILS minimums
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