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Questions and Answers

What are the requirements of an unpressurized aircraft at 15,000 ft?

The crew must use oxygen for the entire time above 14,000 ft.

What must be used in conjunction with the FA to determine hazardous information for the flight?

Hazardous weather meeting AIRMET and SIGMET criteria.

After being handed off to the final approach controller during a 'no gyro' surveillance or precision approach, the pilot should make all turns?

One half standard.

When may a pilot file a composite flight plan?

Any time a portion of the flight will be VFR. Signup and view all the answers

Approximately level pitch attitude is reached when the?

Altimeter and airspeed stabilize. Signup and view all the answers

Why is there a note stating a temperature limitation for executing this approach with baro-VNAV equipment?

The DA and final approach segment height above obstacles or terrain is unsafe when temperatures are lower than charted. Signup and view all the answers

What does it indicate when you encounter freezing drizzle at your flight altitude?

Warmer air is above you. Signup and view all the answers

How does baro-VNAV provide vertical guidance during an RNAV approach?

By defined vertical angles or altitudes as fixes throughout the procedure using the local altimeter setting. Signup and view all the answers

Upon arrival at your destination airport, what do you know if there is an active NOTAM stating 'WAAS may not be available'?

LNAV/VNAV service is available and vertical guidance can be used to complete the approach using the displayed level of service. Signup and view all the answers

When not in radar contact, you should always report?

Departing the FAF inbound. Signup and view all the answers

What does a blue light with tones of all dashes on the ILS approach indicate when the marker beacon shows?

Near glide slope intercept (FAF). Signup and view all the answers

What colors are runway hold position signs?

White with red background. Signup and view all the answers

While making prolonged constant rate turns in IFR, what illusion is created by abrupt head moves?

Coriolis illusion. Signup and view all the answers

If an aircraft on final approach and on glideslope encounters a sudden change from 20 knots tailwind to 20 knots headwind, what should the pilot be ready to correct for?

Increased airspeed and tendency to go above glideslope. Signup and view all the answers

What indication is presented by the miniature aircraft of the turn coordinator?

Indirect indication of bank attitude. Signup and view all the answers

What is a radar summary chart?

Graphically-depicted collection of radar weather reports. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these facilities may be substituted for a MM during a complete ILS IAP?

Compass locator or precision radar. Signup and view all the answers

What is a force of ice, snow, or frost forming on an airplane wing?

Decreased angle of attack for stalls. Signup and view all the answers

During normal operations of a vacuum-driven attitude indicator, what should you see when rolling out of a 180 skidding turn to straight and level?

Miniature aircraft shows a turn in direction opposite to skid. Signup and view all the answers

What should you do if you are in IMC and have two-way radio comms failure?

Set transponder to 7600, continue flight on assigned route, and fly last assigned altitude or MEA, whichever is higher. Signup and view all the answers

What facilities, if any, may be substituted for an inoperative middle marker during an ILS approach without affecting straight-in minimums?

Substitution not necessary, minimums don't change. Signup and view all the answers

What condition causes the altimeter to indicate a lower altitude than actually flown?

Air temperature warmer than standard. Signup and view all the answers

The HIWAS is continued broadcast over selected VORs of?

SIGMETs, convective SIGMETs, AIRMET, severe weather forecast alert, and center weather advisory. Signup and view all the answers

What feature is associated with the tropopause?

Abrupt change in temperature lapse rate. Signup and view all the answers

Which is a characteristic of low-level wind shear as it involves low-level temperature inversion?

Allow airspeed to go above normal climb and approach speed. Signup and view all the answers

What causes the northerly turning errors on a magnetic compass?

Pull of the vertical component of Earth's magnetic field. Signup and view all the answers

When should your transponder be on mode C while on IFR flight?

At all times if the equipment has been calibrated, unless requested otherwise by ATC. Signup and view all the answers

If you encounter icing with the autopilot engaged, you should be aware that?

It may be best to periodically disengage the autopilot and hand fly the aircraft. Signup and view all the answers

What do STARs simplify?

Clearance delivery procedures. Signup and view all the answers

While on IFR flight, what action must a pilot take if an emergency causes a deviation from ATC clearance?

Notify ATC of the deviation as soon as possible and obtain amended clearance. Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary benefits of satellite-based area navigation?

GNSS can generate direct courses that suit operational requirements for almost any flight. Signup and view all the answers

What does the absence of sky condition and visibility on ATIS broadcast specifically imply?

Ceiling is more than 5,000 ft and visibility more than 5 miles. Signup and view all the answers

Where do squall lines most often develop?

Ahead of a cold front. Signup and view all the answers

What does a narrow runway that is unusual will have the same appearance as?

Upsloping runway. Signup and view all the answers

What action should be taken if hyperventilation is suspected?

Consciously breathe at a slower than normal rate. Signup and view all the answers

What is your position relative to FLOSi northbound V213?

Left of V213 and approaching FLOSi. Signup and view all the answers

When is radar service terminated during a visual approach?

Automatically when ATC instructs the pilot to contact the tower. Signup and view all the answers

What happens if the ram air input to the pitot head is blocked?

Indicates zero. Signup and view all the answers

What happens if the ram air input plus drain hole are blocked?

Acts as altimeter. Signup and view all the answers

How does LDA (localizer type directional aid) differ from ILS?

Localizer is offset from runway; its width is between 3 and 6 degrees. Signup and view all the answers

During a no-gyro approach prior to being handed off to the approach controller, what should the pilot do?

Make all turns at standard rate. Signup and view all the answers

During the enroute phase of IFR flight, what action is appropriate when advised 'radar service terminated'?

Resume normal position reporting. Signup and view all the answers

What does TWEB stand for and what does it provide?

Transcribed Weather Broadcast; it provides information concerning sky cover, cloud tops, visibility, weather, and obstructions to vision en route. Signup and view all the answers

When tracking inbound on the LOC, what is the proper procedure regarding drift corrections?

Drift corrections should be accurately established before reaching the outer marker, and completion for the approach should be accomplished with heading corrections no greater than 2. Signup and view all the answers

What is the width of the SDF?

6 - 12 degrees wide. Signup and view all the answers

To operate an aircraft in IMC, when must a flight plan be filed and ATC clearance received?

Prior to entering controlled airspace that includes Class A. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Baldwin Muni VOR/DME or GPS A missed approach procedure require?

Parallel. Signup and view all the answers

If no MCA is specified, what is the lowest altitude for crossing a radio fix beyond which a higher minimum applies?

MEA. Signup and view all the answers

What limitation is imposed on a newly certified commercial airplane pilot if the person doesn't hold an instrument pilot rating?

Carrying passengers for hire on XC flight of more than 50 NM or at night is prohibited. Signup and view all the answers

What should the pilot do if EFD displays fail in IFR?

Continue the flight with backup/standby flight references. Signup and view all the answers

Before a pilot may plan to execute an RNAV approach to LPV minimums, what aircraft documents are required?

There must be a statement in the airplane flight manual that the aircraft equipment has been demonstrated to support LPV and is WAAS equipped. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is required equipment when operating an aircraft within Class B airspace?

A 4096 transponder with automatic pressure altitude reporting equipment. Signup and view all the answers

Which is true concerning airplane structural icing?

Airplane tailplane is a better ice collector than the wings. Signup and view all the answers

What does 'cleared IGN V58' indicate?

41 minutes, 12 gallons. Signup and view all the answers

What does the miniature airplane on the turn coordinator indicate?

Rate of roll and rate of turn. Signup and view all the answers

Under what condition does advection fog usually form?

Moist air moving colder ground or water. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of low-level wind shear as it relates to frontal activity?

With a warm front, the most critical period is before the front passes the airport. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between Localizer Directional Aid (LDA) and ILS localizer?

LDA isn't aligned with the runway. Signup and view all the answers

What does VOR/DME buck runway 36 missed indicate?

Parallel. Signup and view all the answers

Area forecasts cover a geographical area of?

The size of several states. Signup and view all the answers

If your destination airport doesn't have an instrument approach, do you need an alternate?

Yes! Plan fuel for alternate. Signup and view all the answers

What can occur when true altitude is lower than indicated altitude?

This can occur in air warmer than standard air temperature. Signup and view all the answers

What should you expect when cruising in rain with a flight level temperature above freezing?

Possible structural icing. Signup and view all the answers

What happens while in glide slope for an ILS if a tailwind shears to a headwind?

It is hazardous because the aircraft will have a decreased power setting. Signup and view all the answers

What does the presence of wet snow at your flight altitude indicate?

Freezing level is above you. Signup and view all the answers

What is the aural indication by the outer marker?

Dash, dash, dash. Signup and view all the answers

Which instrument is the primary for bank control in straight and level flight?

Heading indicator. Signup and view all the answers

What is the entry for E tempco left turn?

Teardrop. Signup and view all the answers

When making a timed approach from a holding fix at the outer marker, how should the pilot adjust the?

Holding pattern to leave the final approach fix inbound in the assigned fix. Signup and view all the answers

How can roll upsets caused by ice accumulation forward of the ailerons be remedied?

By reducing AOA by increasing airspeed or extending the flaps to first setting and in a turn rolling wings level. Signup and view all the answers

What does a surface analysis chart depict?

Actual frontal positions, pressure patterns, temperature, dewpoint, wind, weather, and obstructions to vision. Signup and view all the answers

What is expected of you as the pilot of an IFR flight plan if you’re descending or climbing in VFR conditions?

Execute gentle banks, left and right at a frequency which permits continuous visual scanning of the airspace above you. Signup and view all the answers

What is the feature of a tricolor VASI?

One light projector with 3 colors: red, green, and amber. Signup and view all the answers

During IFR en route and terminal operations using an approved GPS system for navigation, what must ground-based navigation facilities do?

Must be operational only if RAIM predicts an outage. Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of cumulonimbus clouds?

Violent turbulence. Signup and view all the answers

What reports are required of a flight on an IFR clearance specifying VFR on top in a non-radar environment?

The same reports that are required for any IFR flight. Signup and view all the answers

Which runway markings indicate a displaced threshold on an instrument runway?

Arrows leading to the threshold mark. Signup and view all the answers

What does the inner marker indication show?

Six dots per second and flashing white. Signup and view all the answers

How is ATC radar used for an instrument approach when the facility is approved for approach control service?

Course guidance for the final approach course, ASR, and PAR, and monitor non-radar approaches. Signup and view all the answers

What is true regarding the use of an instrument procedure chart?

To use an instrument procedure, the pilot must possess the textual or graphical form of the approved procedure. Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason pilots should use the local altimeter setting?

It provides data to enable vertical separation of Aircraft. Signup and view all the answers

While airborne, what is the maximum variation between two indicated bearings when checking a VOR system against each other?

4 between the two indicated bearings to VOR. Signup and view all the answers

What should you review a convective outlook to find?

Slight, moderate, or high risk of severe thunderstorms. Signup and view all the answers

What is the strength and location of the jet stream?

Weaker and farther north in summer. Signup and view all the answers

Hazardous wind shear is commonly encountered near the ground during?

Periods of strong temperature inversion and near thunderstorms. Signup and view all the answers

What is the VFR on top cruising altitude based on?

Magnetic course. Signup and view all the answers

Regarding SLD, which statement is true?

They can be present at high altitudes even without precipitation. Signup and view all the answers

What can ice, snow, or frost do?

Reduce lift by 30% and increase drag by 40%. Signup and view all the answers

How should altitude corrections less than 100 ft be corrected?

By half bar width of the attitude indicator. Signup and view all the answers

Before beginning any flight under IFR, what must the PIC become familiar with?

All available information concerning that flight including runway length at airports of intended use and aircraft takeoff and landing data. Signup and view all the answers

When ATC issues an amended clearance, what should your clearance include?

Any changes to altitude or heading and any additional verification. Signup and view all the answers

Stability of the atmosphere can be determined by?

Moisture and temperature. Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of even a small amount of accumulated ice?

It increases weight and adversely impacts lift. Signup and view all the answers

During recoveries from unusual attitudes, when is level flight attained?

The instant altimeter and airspeed needles stop prior to reversing their indication of movement. Signup and view all the answers

What should pilots be alert for when a climb or descent through an inversion is being performed?

Sudden change in airspeed. Signup and view all the answers

What type of icing should be expected when you encounter SLD that splash or splatter on impact at temperatures below 5°C?

Ice that forms on the wing aft of the active part of deicing boots. Signup and view all the answers

What does the runway threshold bar indicate?

Beginning of runway available for landing. Signup and view all the answers

Where may you use a surveillance approach?

Airports where civil radar instrument approach minimums have been published. Signup and view all the answers

What substitution is appropriate during an ILS approach?

Localizer minimums should be substituted for ILS minimums whenever the glideslope becomes inoperative. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for a departure procedure?

Obstacle clearance. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Unpressurized Aircraft Requirements

Oxygen is required for crew above 14,000 feet for the entire duration of flight.

Hazardous Weather Criteria

AIRMET and SIGMET used alongside Flight Advisories (FA) for flight safety information.

Final Approach Control Protocol

During a "no gyro" approach, all turns should be made at half standard rate.

Composite Flight Plan Filing

Can be filed any time part of the flight will be conducted VFR (Visual Flight Rules).

Unusual Attitude Recovery

A level pitch attitude is indicated when the altimeter and airspeed stabilize.

Baro-VNAV Temperature Limitations

Safe execution of approaches with Baro-VNAV is restricted below certain temperatures to avoid unsafe heights above obstacles.

Freezing Drizzle Implications

Encountering freezing drizzle at altitude indicates warmer air above.

Baro-VNAV Vertical Guidance

Provides guidance through defined vertical angles or altitudes utilizing local altimeter settings.

LNAV/VNAV Service Availability

LNAV/VNAV service remains available despite NOTAM indicating WAAS may not be operational.

Reporting in Non-Radar Contact

Always report departing the Final Approach Fix (FAF) inbound if out of radar contact.

Marker Beacon Indicators

A blue light with continuous dashes indicates proximity to glide slope intercept (FAF).

Runway Hold Position Sign Colors

Runway hold position signs have a white inscription on a red background.

Coriolis Illusion

Caused by prolonged constant rate turns and abrupt head movements, leading to a false perception of rotation.

Sudden Headwind on Final Approach

Pilots must be prepared for increased airspeed and potential glideslope deviation when encountering a drastic change in wind direction.

Turn Coordinator Indications

Miniature aircraft on the turn coordinator shows indirect indications of bank attitude.

Radar Summary Chart

Visual representation of radar weather reports displaying areas of precipitation and characteristics.

Middle Marker Substitution for ILS Approaches

A compass locator or precision radar may substitute for the Middle Marker (MM).

Ice Formation Effects

Ice, snow, or frost on wings results in a decreased angle of attack, increasing stall risk.

Vacuum Driven Attitude Indicator

During a skidding turn, the miniature aircraft should show a turn opposite the skid upon level off.

Emergency Procedures for Radio Failures

Set transponder to 7600, maintain assigned route, and fly last assigned altitude or MEA, whichever is higher.

Inoperative Middle Marker

No substitution required during an ILS approach; minimums remain unchanged.

Altimeter Indication Errors

Higher temperatures than standard can cause altimeters to indicate lower than actual altitude.

HIWAS Broadcast Information

HIWAS transmits significant weather advisories, including SIGMETs and severe weather forecasts.

Tropopause Characteristics

Notable for rapid temperature lapse rate changes.

Low-level Wind Shear

Common before a warm front passes, posing potential hazards.

Magnetic Compass Errors

Northern turning errors result from the vertical components of Earth’s magnetic field.

Transponder Usage in IFR

Always set to Mode C if calibrated, unless otherwise instructed by ATC.

Autopilot and Icing

Pilots should periodically disengage autopilot during icing conditions to maintain control.

Standard Terminal Arrival Routes (STARs)

Simplify clearance delivery procedures.

Emergency ATC Clearance Deviations

Notify ATC of any clearance deviation as soon as possible for an amended clearance.

GNSS facilitates direct flight paths tailored to operational needs.

ATIS Broadcast Implications

Absence of sky condition and visibility implies ceilings over 5000 feet and visibility beyond 5 miles.

Squall Line Formation

Typically forms ahead of cold fronts.

Narrow Runway Appearance

Narrow runways appear similarly to upsloping runways.

Hyperventilation Response

Breathe at a slower than normal rate to alleviate symptoms.

Position Relative to FLOSi

Approach is from the left of V213 while nearing FLOSi.

Radar Service Termination

Terminated automatically when instructed to contact the tower during a visual approach.

Pitot Head Blockage Effects

Blocked ram air input results in an airspeed indication of zero.

Altimeter Behavior with Blocked Drain Hole

Both ram air input and drain hole blockage result in functioning as an altimeter.

Differences Between LDA and ILS

LDA localizers are offset from the runway with a width of 3 to 6 degrees.

Prior to No Gyro Approach Controller Hand-off

Turns should be conducted at standard rate before controller hand-off.

Radar Service Procedures

Resume normal position reporting after "radar service terminated" during enroute IFR flight.

Transcribed Weather Broadcast (TWEB)

Provides updates on sky cover, cloud tops, weather conditions, and visibility.

Drift Corrections on LOC Tracking

Establish drift corrections prior to the outer marker, keeping corrections minimal during the approach.

Standardized Width of SDF

SDFs typically range from 6 to 12 degrees wide.

IFR Flight Plan Requirements

Must have filed a flight plan and received ATC clearance before entering controlled Class A airspace.

Missed Approach Procedures

Conduct missed approaches in a parallel manner when required.

Minimum Altitudes for Radio Fix Crossings

Without a specified MCA, the lowest altitude is MEA.

Commercial Pilot Limitations

Newly certified commercial pilots without an instrument rating cannot carry passengers over 50 NM or at night.

Emergency Flight Management

Backup flight references must be utilized if EFD displays fail during IFR.

Required Aircraft Documentation for RNAV Approaches

A statement in the aircraft manual must confirm capability for LPV approaches using WAAS.

Equipment Required for Class B Airspace

Must have a 4096 transponder with altitude reporting capabilities.

Airplane Structural Icing

The tailplane is generally a more effective ice collector compared to wings.

Specific Fuel Requirements on IGN V58

41 minutes of flight requires 12 gallons of fuel.

Turn Coordinator Miniature Aircraft Indications

Reflects rate of roll and turn during maneuvers.

Advection Fog Conditions

Typically forms when moist air moves over colder surfaces.

Low-Level Wind Shear and Frontal Activity

The critical period of wind shear occurs prior to the passage of a warm front.

LDA vs. ILS Localizer Differences

LDA is not aligned with the runway compared to ILS.

Surface Analysis Chart Information

Displays pressure patterns, frontal positions, temperature, dew point, and weather conditions.

Pilot Responsibilities in IFR/VFR Transitions

Maintain gentle bank turns while visually scanning the airspace.

Tricolor VASI Features

Comprising one light projector with red, green, and amber lights.

Must be operational when RAIM predicts an outage.

Cumulonimbus Clouds Characteristics

Known for severe turbulence and violent weather conditions.

Required Reports for VFR on Top in IFR

Reports required are akin to those for any IFR flight.

Displaced Threshold Indications

Marked by arrows leading to the threshold indication for instrument runways.

Inner Marker Indication

Produces six dots per second accompanied by flashing white light.

ATC Use of Radar for Instrument Approaches

Provides course guidance and monitors non-radar approaches as part of approach control.

Instrument Procedure Chart Requirements

Pilots must have the approved textual or graphical procedure available during use.

Importance of Altimeter Settings

Local altimeter settings ensure proper vertical separation between aircraft.

VOR System Airborne Bearing Variation

Variance between indicated bearings should not exceed four degrees for VOR checks.

Convective Outlook Reviews

Reviews determine risks for severe thunderstorms.

Jet Stream Characteristics

Typically weaker and positioned farther north during summer months.

Wind Shear Encounter Factors

Often occurs during strong temperature inversions and thunderstorms.

VFR on Top Cruising Altitude

Based on magnetic course direction.

Supercooled Large Droplets (SLD) Presence

Can occur at high altitudes, even without active precipitation.

Icing Effects on Aircraft Performance

Accumulation of ice, snow, or frost can significantly impair lift and increase drag.

Altitude Corrections on Attitude Indicators

Recommended corrections are half the width of the attitude indicator.

Preflight Information Requirements

Must familiarize with runway lengths, takeoff and landing data prior to any IFR flight.

Amended Clearance Responses

Should include changes to altitude or heading and additional verification when ATC issues an amended clearance.

Atmospheric Stability Indicators

Determined by examining moisture levels and temperature variations.

Dangers of Ice Accumulation

Even minor ice accumulation increases aircraft weight and impairs lift capabilities.

Recovery from Unusual Attitudes

Level flight achieved when altimeter and airspeed indications stabilize without reversing movement.

Inversion Climb or Descent Alerts

Be vigilant for sudden changes in airspeed while climbing or descending through an inversion.

SLD Icing Expectations

Anticipate icing that forms on the wing aft of deicing boots when encountering SLD at temperatures below 5°C.

Threshold Bar Indicators

Marks the beginning of runways open for landing.

Surveillance Approach Allowance

Possible at airports with published civil radar instrument approach minimums.

ILS Approach Substitution Protocols

Localizer minimums should substitute for ILS minimums

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