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Questions and Answers
What is the result of shaking the yellowish ethereal layer with dilute ammonium hydroxide?
What is the result of shaking the yellowish ethereal layer with dilute ammonium hydroxide?
- A pink to violet color in the aqueous layer (correct)
- A bright yellow color in the aqueous layer
- A deep blue color in the ethereal layer
- No observable color change
Which of the following best describes the flavonoid group?
Which of the following best describes the flavonoid group?
- A series of C6-C3-C5 compounds
- A combination of C6-C3-C6 compounds (correct)
- A series of C5-C3-C5 compounds
- A combination of C5-C2-C5 compounds
Which of the following is NOT a recognized use of flavone glycosides?
Which of the following is NOT a recognized use of flavone glycosides?
- Serve as a food preservative (correct)
- Improve cerebral circulation
- Act as antioxidants
- Reduce capillary fragility
What color do flavonoids typically exhibit when dissolved in alkalies?
What color do flavonoids typically exhibit when dissolved in alkalies?
Cyanogenic glycosides release which compound upon hydrolysis?
Cyanogenic glycosides release which compound upon hydrolysis?
Which test is used to identify the presence of cardiac glycosides?
Which test is used to identify the presence of cardiac glycosides?
What are the characteristics of saponin glycosides?
What are the characteristics of saponin glycosides?
Which type of saponins are notably important for their relationship with sex hormones and cortisone?
Which type of saponins are notably important for their relationship with sex hormones and cortisone?
What type of compounds do alkaloids generally form when reacting with acids?
What type of compounds do alkaloids generally form when reacting with acids?
Which reagent produces a creamy precipitate for the identification of alkaloids?
Which reagent produces a creamy precipitate for the identification of alkaloids?
Which of the following drugs contains steroidal saponins?
Which of the following drugs contains steroidal saponins?
Which of the following properties is true regarding most alkaloids?
Which of the following properties is true regarding most alkaloids?
What is the primary usage of Quillaia root?
What is the primary usage of Quillaia root?
What is a common characteristic of a glycoside?
What is a common characteristic of a glycoside?
Which type of glycoside is characterized by having a single sugar unit?
Which type of glycoside is characterized by having a single sugar unit?
Which linkage is the most common in glycosides?
Which linkage is the most common in glycosides?
What is true about glycosides and Fehling’s solution?
What is true about glycosides and Fehling’s solution?
What component does NOT play a role in the classification of glycosides?
What component does NOT play a role in the classification of glycosides?
Which of the following is an example of an S-glycoside?
Which of the following is an example of an S-glycoside?
Which term describes a glycoside with three sugar units?
Which term describes a glycoside with three sugar units?
How are glycosides classified based on their chemical nature?
How are glycosides classified based on their chemical nature?
What distinguishes primary glycosides from secondary glycosides?
What distinguishes primary glycosides from secondary glycosides?
Which of the following is a characteristic of phenolic glycosides?
Which of the following is a characteristic of phenolic glycosides?
What is the function of anthracene glycosides when tested with alkali?
What is the function of anthracene glycosides when tested with alkali?
Which of the following glycosides are categorized under cyanogenic glycosides?
Which of the following glycosides are categorized under cyanogenic glycosides?
What is the main active constituent of Uva ursi leaves?
What is the main active constituent of Uva ursi leaves?
What is a common use for anthracene glycosides?
What is a common use for anthracene glycosides?
Which group of glycosides includes steroidal components?
Which group of glycosides includes steroidal components?
What best describes the process of hydrolysis in glycosides?
What best describes the process of hydrolysis in glycosides?
Which characteristic is associated with picric acid solution?
Which characteristic is associated with picric acid solution?
Which statement is true regarding volatile oils?
Which statement is true regarding volatile oils?
Condensed tannins are also known as:
Condensed tannins are also known as:
What happens to hydrolysable tannins when treated with acids or enzymes?
What happens to hydrolysable tannins when treated with acids or enzymes?
Which application is NOT a use of volatile oils?
Which application is NOT a use of volatile oils?
What identifies condensed tannins in their reaction with ferric chloride?
What identifies condensed tannins in their reaction with ferric chloride?
What is a primary component of volatile oils?
What is a primary component of volatile oils?
Which of the following statements is true about tannins?
Which of the following statements is true about tannins?
Study Notes
Glycosides
- Glycosides are organic molecules of plant origin composed of a sugar portion (glycone) linked to a non-sugar part (aglycone) via a glycosidic bond.
- The sugar portion is typically glucose, making the glycoside a glucoside.
- Glycosides can be hydrolyzed into aglycone and sugar(s) by acids or enzymes, with emulsin being a common hydrolyzing enzyme.
- Glycosides are classified by:
- Number of sugar molecules (monoglycosides, diglycosides, etc.)
- Linkage between sugar and aglycone (O-glycosides, C-glycosides, S-glycosides)
- Nature of the glycosides (primary, secondary, tertiary)
- Chemical nature of the aglycone
Types of Glycosides
- Phenolic Glycosides:
- Contain phenolic groups, exemplified by arbutin.
- Arbutin, the main active constituent of Uva ursi leaves, serves as a diuretic, antiseptic, and skin lightening agent (hydrolyzes to hydroquinone).
- Anthracene Glycosides/Anthraquinone Glycosides:
- Contain anthracene derivatives as aglycones.
- Produce a red or purple color when alkali is added to powdered drugs containing anthraquinone derivatives (anthracene screening).
- Examples include sennosides A, B, C, and D from Senna leaf and cascarosides from cascara bark.
- Used as cathartics, purgatives, and laxatives.
- Flavone Glycosides:
- C6-C3-C6 compounds often found in yellow plants that dissolve in alkalies to give yellow solutions.
- Examples include diosmin from Buchu leaf and hesperidin & rutin from citrus.
- Uses include reducing capillary fragility (diosmin and rutin), antioxidant activity (green tea), and improving cerebral circulation (ginkgo biloba).
- Cyanogenic (Cyanophore) Glycosides:
- Yield hydrocyanic acid upon hydrolysis.
- Examples include digitoxin, squill, and strophanthus.
- Steroidal/Cardiac Glycosides:
- Contain a steroidal nucleus, often indicated with Liebermann's test (reddish ring at the junction of acetic anhydride and concentrated sulfuric acid layers).
- Saponin Glycosides:
- Possess foaming properties in aqueous solution and cause haemolysis of red blood cells.
- Aglycones are referred to as sapogenins.
- Divided into:
- Steroidal type: related to sex hormones, cortisone, vitamin D, and cardiac glycosides; used as starting materials for synthesis of these compounds. Examples include fenugreek and ginseng.
- Triterpenoidal type: Examples include quillaia, licorice, and senega. Quillaia is used as an emulsifying agent, and senega is used as an expectorant in chronic bronchitis.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamental aspects of glycosides, including their structure, hydrolysis, and classification. Explore different types of glycosides like phenolic and anthracene glycosides, and learn about their unique properties and applications. Test your knowledge on these important organic molecules and their roles in plants.
