37 Questions
Where does the synthesis of Haem take place?
In both the mitochondria and cytoplasm
What is the function of Haem?
To bind to iron and oxygen
What is the result of mutating the enzymes and transporters involved in the synthesis of Haem?
Disease
What is the role of ferrocheletase in the synthesis of Haem?
To catalyse the incorporation of iron into Haem
What is the location of the ferrous form of iron incorporation into Haem?
Mitochondrial matrix
What is the percentage of protein in a glycophorin dimer?
40%
What is necessary to determine the original cell type responsible for a cancer?
Full blood count and then immunophenotyping depending on the type of cancer
What is attached to the underlying cell in a glycophorin molecule?
One end of the protein region
What is the function of the negative charge in glycophorins?
To increase the mobility of the red blood cells
What factors does the WHO system use to classify myeloid malignancies?
Genotype, cell morphology, and immunophenotype
What is a pericentric inversion?
A repair in the chromosome that crosses the centromere in both arms
What type of oligosaccharide is linked to Asn in glycophorins?
N-linked oligosaccharide
What is the difference between the MNS1 and MNS2 alleles of the GYPA gene?
Serine at residue 1 and glycine at residue 5 vs. leucine at residue 1 and glutamate at residue 5
What is true about myeloid malignancies?
They can be referred to as any type of leukaemia
What is the function of glycophorins C and D?
To maintain the shape and mechanical properties of red blood cells
What is myelodysplastic syndromes?
A type of myelodysplastic neoplasm
What is AML with recurrent genetic abnormalities?
11 genetic abnormalities and 2 provisionals
What is the consequence of the PML-RARA mutation?
Stops gene transcription
Which protein is most frequently mutated in myeloproliferative neoplasms?
JAK2
In which stage of T-cell development do they pass through the double negative stage?
Thymus
What is the characteristic of Hodgkin lymphomas?
Lymphoid malignancies
What is the percentage of bone marrow blasts in the WHO definition of acute cancers?
>20%
What is the result of B-lymphoblastic leukaemia/lymphoma?
Bone marrow failure, testicular involvement, and CNS involvement
What is the characteristic of Multiple myeloma?
Antibodies secreting plasma cells
What is the prognosis of T-lymphoblastic leukaemia/lymphoma?
Poor prognosis
What is the characteristic of Burkitt’s lymphoma?
Very common and good survival rate
What is the result of immunodeficiency-associated lymphoproliferative disorders?
Compensatory proliferation of cells
What is the mechanism by which non-enveloped viruses enter their target cells?
By infecting the plasma membrane directly
What is the role of spike proteins, surface antigens, and envelope proteins in viral infections?
To recognize and bind to target cells
What is the function of the HIV co-receptor at the cell surface?
CXCR4 or CCR5
What is the characteristic of the HCV genome?
Single-stranded RNA
What is the process by which the HCV genome is replicated?
Requires a -ssRNA step
What is the characteristic of the HBV genome?
Partially double-stranded DNA
What is the role of the polymerase genes in HBV genome replication?
To complete the rcDNA to form cccDNA
What is the function of the pgRNA in HBV genome replication?
To form the eventual genome of the virus
What is the characteristic of the HIV-1 genome?
Reverse-transcribed to cDNA and integrated into the host genome
Where does the replication of HCV occur?
Outside the nucleus, using RNA as a template
Learn about the structure and function of glycophorin proteins, which are responsible for determining a person's MNS blood type. Understand how they are attached to the cell membrane and their composition. Test your knowledge of glycophorin's alpha-helical region and glycosylation.
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