Glycophorin Protein Structure

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Where does the synthesis of Haem take place?

Only in the mitochondria

In both the mitochondria and cytoplasm (correct)

Only in the cytoplasm

In the nucleus

What is the function of Haem?

To synthesise ferrocheletase

To catalyse the synthesis of Haem

To bind to iron and oxygen (correct)

To bind to oxygen

What is the result of mutating the enzymes and transporters involved in the synthesis of Haem?

Disease (correct)

No effect on Haem synthesis

Increased synthesis of Haem

Decreased synthesis of Haem

What is the role of ferrocheletase in the synthesis of Haem?

To catalyse the incorporation of iron into Haem Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of the ferrous form of iron incorporation into Haem?

Mitochondrial matrix Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of protein in a glycophorin dimer?

40% Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary to determine the original cell type responsible for a cancer?

Full blood count and then immunophenotyping depending on the type of cancer Signup and view all the answers

What is attached to the underlying cell in a glycophorin molecule?

One end of the protein region Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the negative charge in glycophorins?

To increase the mobility of the red blood cells Signup and view all the answers

What factors does the WHO system use to classify myeloid malignancies?

Genotype, cell morphology, and immunophenotype Signup and view all the answers

What is a pericentric inversion?

A repair in the chromosome that crosses the centromere in both arms Signup and view all the answers

What type of oligosaccharide is linked to Asn in glycophorins?

N-linked oligosaccharide Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between the MNS1 and MNS2 alleles of the GYPA gene?

Serine at residue 1 and glycine at residue 5 vs. leucine at residue 1 and glutamate at residue 5 Signup and view all the answers

What is true about myeloid malignancies?

They can be referred to as any type of leukaemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of glycophorins C and D?

To maintain the shape and mechanical properties of red blood cells Signup and view all the answers

What is myelodysplastic syndromes?

A type of myelodysplastic neoplasm Signup and view all the answers

What is AML with recurrent genetic abnormalities?

11 genetic abnormalities and 2 provisionals Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of the PML-RARA mutation?

Stops gene transcription Signup and view all the answers

Which protein is most frequently mutated in myeloproliferative neoplasms?

JAK2 Signup and view all the answers

In which stage of T-cell development do they pass through the double negative stage?

Thymus Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Hodgkin lymphomas?

Lymphoid malignancies Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of bone marrow blasts in the WHO definition of acute cancers?

>20% Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of B-lymphoblastic leukaemia/lymphoma?

Bone marrow failure, testicular involvement, and CNS involvement Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Multiple myeloma?

Antibodies secreting plasma cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the prognosis of T-lymphoblastic leukaemia/lymphoma?

Poor prognosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Burkitt’s lymphoma?

Very common and good survival rate Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of immunodeficiency-associated lymphoproliferative disorders?

Compensatory proliferation of cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism by which non-enveloped viruses enter their target cells?

By infecting the plasma membrane directly Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of spike proteins, surface antigens, and envelope proteins in viral infections?

To recognize and bind to target cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the HIV co-receptor at the cell surface?

CXCR4 or CCR5 Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the HCV genome?

Single-stranded RNA Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which the HCV genome is replicated?

Requires a -ssRNA step Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the HBV genome?

Partially double-stranded DNA Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the polymerase genes in HBV genome replication?

To complete the rcDNA to form cccDNA Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the pgRNA in HBV genome replication?

To form the eventual genome of the virus Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the HIV-1 genome?

Reverse-transcribed to cDNA and integrated into the host genome Signup and view all the answers

Where does the replication of HCV occur?

Outside the nucleus, using RNA as a template Signup and view all the answers