Glycolysis Regulation Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of glycolysis and the TCA cycle in glucose metabolism?

Conversion of pyruvate into lactate (correct)

Production of NADH and FADH2

Breakdown of glucose into pyruvate

Generation of ATP

Which of the following tissues primarily rely on glucose as a metabolic fuel?

Skeletal muscle

Liver

Brain (correct)

Adipose tissue

What is the energy yield (in ATP) from the complete catabolism of glucose under aerobic conditions?

30-38 ATP (correct)

4 ATP

60-76 ATP

2 ATP

Which of the following is an example of a facilitated diffusion transporter protein?

GLUT1 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is responsible for insulin-regulated glucose storage?

GLUT4 Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA?

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase complex Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reactions in glycolysis is irreversible?

Pyruvate kinase Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule is responsible for the activation of citrate synthase in the TCA cycle?

Ca2+ Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA in the mitochondria?

Pyruvate dehydrogenase Signup and view all the answers

What is the main control element in mammalian glycolysis?

Phosphofructokinase Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate in the TCA cycle?

Isocitrate dehydrogenase Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme complex in the TCA cycle is analogous to the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?

α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is irreversibly inhibited by its reaction product, glucose-6-phosphate?

Hexokinase Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is activated by fructose-1,6-bisphosphate and inactivated by glucagon mediated phosphorylation?

Pyruvate kinase Signup and view all the answers

How many ATP molecules are produced per Acetyl CoA in the TCA cycle?

3 ATP Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are the main inflammatory cells in chronic inflammation?

Macrophages Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of chronic inflammation?

Persistent infection Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of chronic inflammation?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is characterized by non-caseating 'naked' granulomas?

Sarcoidosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of fibrinous inflammation?

Accumulation of fluid and fibrin due to increased vessel permeability Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of suppurative inflammation?

Localized proliferation of pus-forming organisms Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between an ulcer and an erosion?

Extent of tissue loss Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is considered as the main effector cell in chronic inflammation?

Macrophages Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells are professional antigen presenting cells and stimulate naive T cells to initiate the immune response?

Dendritic cells Signup and view all the answers

Which leukocyte is the least common in the blood and migrates into tissues to become mast cells?

Basophils Signup and view all the answers

What is the specific form of chronic inflammation characterized by the aggregation of enlarged macrophages surrounded by a rim of lymphocytes?

Granulomatous inflammation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes classical conditioning?

Learning that involves reflexes and emotional responses Signup and view all the answers

What is the main outcome of classical conditioning?

Long-lasting attitudes and emotional responses Signup and view all the answers

What is operant conditioning?

Learning that involves voluntary responses Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of reinforcement in operant conditioning?

To increase the likelihood of a behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a learning outcome described in the text?

Outline therapeutic methods derived from Learning Theory Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct definition of learning according to the text?

A relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge that is due to experience Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for medical students to understand how we learn?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, which theorist emphasized the importance of social context and role models in observational learning?

Alfred Bandura Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe indirect conditioning through observing what happens to others?

Vicarious reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

Which therapy involves sustained exposure to a feared stimulus, leading to the eventual subsiding of fear?

Flooding Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the ideal learning approach in healthcare that can differ between individuals?

Cognitive (active) approach Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the definition of shaping in operant conditioning?

Reinforcement of successive approximations to the desired response/behaviour Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

Classical conditioning is based on paired associations between stimuli and responses, while operant conditioning is based on consequences that come after a behavior Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is an example of negative reinforcement in operant conditioning?

Removing something aversive to increase a response Signup and view all the answers

What are some applications of operant conditioning mentioned in the text?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of cell based on their proliferative activity?

Epithelial cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct definition of regeneration?

Replacement of lost tissue by tissue of the same type Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors impairs wound healing?

Efficiency of removal of the causative agent Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the extracellular matrix?

To regulate cell growth, motility, and differentiation Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are considered permanent cells?

Neurons, cardiac myocytes, skeletal muscle Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between wound healing by primary intention and secondary intention?

Primary intention involves approximation of wound edges, while secondary intention does not Signup and view all the answers

What factors influence wound healing?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is responsible for the transfer of electrons from NADH to CoQ in the electron transport chain?

Complex I Signup and view all the answers

How many ATP molecules are produced from the complete catabolism of 1 NADH molecule in the electron transport chain?

3 ATP Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

Oxygen Signup and view all the answers

Which hypothesis describes how ATP is generated from the free energy released during electron transport in the ETC?

Chemiosmotic Hypothesis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct equation for oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)?

$NADH + H^+ + 1/2 O_2 \rightarrow NAD^+ + H_2O$ Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the chemiosmotic theory?

The movement of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane drives ATP synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a normal outcome of uncoupling in oxidative phosphorylation?

Decreased ATP synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is responsible for heat production in brown adipose tissue?

Thermogenin (UCP1) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following compounds can cause severe brain damage in infants at high concentrations?

Bilirubin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of mitochondrial diseases?

Mitochondrial diseases affect tissues with high energy demand. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common disorder associated with mitochondrial diseases?

Cardiomyopathies Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct equation for the complete catabolism of glucose under aerobic conditions?

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct equation for the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA in the mitochondria?

Pyruvate + CoA + NAD+ -> Acetyl-CoA + NADH + CO2 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct equation for the production of ATP through the proton gradient generated by the electron transport chain?

ATP -> ADP + Pi Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Glycolysis and TCA Cycle

Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH.
The TCA cycle oxidizes acetyl-CoA to CO2, generating NADH and FADH2 for ATP production.
Energy yield from complete catabolism of glucose under aerobic conditions is 36-38 ATP.
Key enzymes in glycolysis include pyruvate kinase, resonating in energy regulation.
The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is catalyzed by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.

Glucose Metabolism

Insulin regulates glucose storage primarily through glycogen synthesis in liver and muscle tissues.
Glucose is a primary fuel for tissues like the brain and red blood cells.
An example of a facilitated diffusion transporter is GLUT1.

Key Enzymes in TCA Cycle

Citrate synthase is activated by acetyl-CoA.
Isocitrate dehydrogenase converts isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate.
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex parallels enzyme complexes within the TCA cycle.

Inhibition and Activation in Metabolism

Glucose-6-phosphate irreversibly inhibits hexokinase.
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate activates pyruvate kinase while glucagon signaling inactivates it.

Chronic Inflammation

Chronic inflammation is primarily caused by persistent stimuli such as infection or autoimmunity.
Main inflammatory cells involved are macrophages and lymphocytes.
Outcome of chronic inflammation includes tissue remodeling and potential fibrosis.

Granulomas and Inflammation Types

Non-caseating 'naked' granulomas characterize conditions like sarcoidosis.
Fibrinous inflammation features a protein-rich exudate, while suppurative inflammation produces pus.

Ulcers vs Erosions

An ulcer extends deeper into the tissue compared to an erosion, which is confined to the epithelial layer.

Immune Response and Cells

Professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as dendritic cells, stimulate naive T cells.
Mast cells, derived from basophils, are the least common leukocytes migrating to tissues.
Macrophage aggregation surrounded by lymphocytes is referred to as granulomatous inflammation.

Learning Theories

Classical conditioning involves learning through association, leading to conditioned responses.
Operant conditioning revolves around behavior modification through reinforcement strategies.
Reinforcement aims to increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring again.

Observational Learning and Therapy

Social context and role models, emphasized by theorists like Albert Bandura, enhance observational learning.
Exposure therapy helps diminish fear responses through gradual exposure to feared stimuli.

Wound Healing and Cell Types

Permanent cells, such as neurons and cardiac muscle cells, do not proliferate after injury.
Factors like infection or poor blood supply impair wound healing.
Difference in healing methods: primary intention involves direct closure, while secondary intention involves granulation tissue formation.

Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation

NADH transfers electrons to CoQ in the electron transport chain, producing ATP through a proton gradient.
Final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is oxygen.
Chemiosmotic theory explains ATP synthesis via the proton motive force across the membrane.

Mitochondrial Health

Mitochondrial diseases are characterized by energy metabolism issues and common symptoms include muscle weakness.
High concentrations of certain compounds can lead to severe brain damage in infants.
Brown adipose tissue is responsible for thermogenesis, utilizing uncoupling proteins during oxidative phosphorylation.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the regulation of glycolysis and the role of G-6-P in signaling the cell's glucose needs. Explore topics such as hexokinase, glucokinase, and their affinity for glucose.