Glycolysis Regulation Quiz
62 Questions
7 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of glycolysis and the TCA cycle in glucose metabolism?

  • Conversion of pyruvate into lactate (correct)
  • Production of NADH and FADH2
  • Breakdown of glucose into pyruvate
  • Generation of ATP

    • Which of the following tissues primarily rely on glucose as a metabolic fuel?

  • Skeletal muscle
  • Liver
  • Brain (correct)
  • Adipose tissue

    • What is the energy yield (in ATP) from the complete catabolism of glucose under aerobic conditions?

  • 30-38 ATP (correct)
  • 4 ATP
  • 60-76 ATP
  • 2 ATP

    • Which of the following is an example of a facilitated diffusion transporter protein?

    <p>GLUT1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is responsible for insulin-regulated glucose storage?

    <p>GLUT4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA?

    <p>Pyruvate Dehydrogenase complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following reactions in glycolysis is irreversible?

    <p>Pyruvate kinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is responsible for the activation of citrate synthase in the TCA cycle?

    <p>Ca2+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA in the mitochondria?

    <p>Pyruvate dehydrogenase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main control element in mammalian glycolysis?

    <p>Phosphofructokinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate in the TCA cycle?

    <p>Isocitrate dehydrogenase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme complex in the TCA cycle is analogous to the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?

    <p>α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is irreversibly inhibited by its reaction product, glucose-6-phosphate?

    <p>Hexokinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is activated by fructose-1,6-bisphosphate and inactivated by glucagon mediated phosphorylation?

    <p>Pyruvate kinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many ATP molecules are produced per Acetyl CoA in the TCA cycle?

    <p>3 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are the main inflammatory cells in chronic inflammation?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of chronic inflammation?

    <p>Persistent infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of chronic inflammation?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is characterized by non-caseating 'naked' granulomas?

    <p>Sarcoidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of fibrinous inflammation?

    <p>Accumulation of fluid and fibrin due to increased vessel permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of suppurative inflammation?

    <p>Localized proliferation of pus-forming organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between an ulcer and an erosion?

    <p>Extent of tissue loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is considered as the main effector cell in chronic inflammation?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells are professional antigen presenting cells and stimulate naive T cells to initiate the immune response?

    <p>Dendritic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leukocyte is the least common in the blood and migrates into tissues to become mast cells?

    <p>Basophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specific form of chronic inflammation characterized by the aggregation of enlarged macrophages surrounded by a rim of lymphocytes?

    <p>Granulomatous inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes classical conditioning?

    <p>Learning that involves reflexes and emotional responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main outcome of classical conditioning?

    <p>Long-lasting attitudes and emotional responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is operant conditioning?

    <p>Learning that involves voluntary responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of reinforcement in operant conditioning?

    <p>To increase the likelihood of a behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a learning outcome described in the text?

    <p>Outline therapeutic methods derived from Learning Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct definition of learning according to the text?

    <p>A relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge that is due to experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for medical students to understand how we learn?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, which theorist emphasized the importance of social context and role models in observational learning?

    <p>Alfred Bandura</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe indirect conditioning through observing what happens to others?

    <p>Vicarious reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which therapy involves sustained exposure to a feared stimulus, leading to the eventual subsiding of fear?

    <p>Flooding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the ideal learning approach in healthcare that can differ between individuals?

    <p>Cognitive (active) approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the definition of shaping in operant conditioning?

    <p>Reinforcement of successive approximations to the desired response/behaviour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

    <p>Classical conditioning is based on paired associations between stimuli and responses, while operant conditioning is based on consequences that come after a behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is an example of negative reinforcement in operant conditioning?

    <p>Removing something aversive to increase a response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some applications of operant conditioning mentioned in the text?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of cell based on their proliferative activity?

    <p>Epithelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct definition of regeneration?

    <p>Replacement of lost tissue by tissue of the same type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors impairs wound healing?

    <p>Efficiency of removal of the causative agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the extracellular matrix?

    <p>To regulate cell growth, motility, and differentiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are considered permanent cells?

    <p>Neurons, cardiac myocytes, skeletal muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between wound healing by primary intention and secondary intention?

    <p>Primary intention involves approximation of wound edges, while secondary intention does not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors influence wound healing?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is responsible for the transfer of electrons from NADH to CoQ in the electron transport chain?

    <p>Complex I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many ATP molecules are produced from the complete catabolism of 1 NADH molecule in the electron transport chain?

    <p>3 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hypothesis describes how ATP is generated from the free energy released during electron transport in the ETC?

    <p>Chemiosmotic Hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct equation for oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)?

    <p>$NADH + H^+ + 1/2 O_2 \rightarrow NAD^+ + H_2O$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the chemiosmotic theory?

    <p>The movement of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane drives ATP synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a normal outcome of uncoupling in oxidative phosphorylation?

    <p>Decreased ATP synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is responsible for heat production in brown adipose tissue?

    <p>Thermogenin (UCP1)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following compounds can cause severe brain damage in infants at high concentrations?

    <p>Bilirubin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of mitochondrial diseases?

    <p>Mitochondrial diseases affect tissues with high energy demand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common disorder associated with mitochondrial diseases?

    <p>Cardiomyopathies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct equation for the complete catabolism of glucose under aerobic conditions?

    <p>C6H12O6 + 6O2 -&gt; 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct equation for the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA in the mitochondria?

    <p>Pyruvate + CoA + NAD+ -&gt; Acetyl-CoA + NADH + CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct equation for the production of ATP through the proton gradient generated by the electron transport chain?

    <p>ATP -&gt; ADP + Pi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Glycolysis and TCA Cycle

    • Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH.
    • The TCA cycle oxidizes acetyl-CoA to CO2, generating NADH and FADH2 for ATP production.
    • Energy yield from complete catabolism of glucose under aerobic conditions is 36-38 ATP.
    • Key enzymes in glycolysis include pyruvate kinase, resonating in energy regulation.
    • The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is catalyzed by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.

    Glucose Metabolism

    • Insulin regulates glucose storage primarily through glycogen synthesis in liver and muscle tissues.
    • Glucose is a primary fuel for tissues like the brain and red blood cells.
    • An example of a facilitated diffusion transporter is GLUT1.

    Key Enzymes in TCA Cycle

    • Citrate synthase is activated by acetyl-CoA.
    • Isocitrate dehydrogenase converts isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate.
    • The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex parallels enzyme complexes within the TCA cycle.

    Inhibition and Activation in Metabolism

    • Glucose-6-phosphate irreversibly inhibits hexokinase.
    • Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate activates pyruvate kinase while glucagon signaling inactivates it.

    Chronic Inflammation

    • Chronic inflammation is primarily caused by persistent stimuli such as infection or autoimmunity.
    • Main inflammatory cells involved are macrophages and lymphocytes.
    • Outcome of chronic inflammation includes tissue remodeling and potential fibrosis.

    Granulomas and Inflammation Types

    • Non-caseating 'naked' granulomas characterize conditions like sarcoidosis.
    • Fibrinous inflammation features a protein-rich exudate, while suppurative inflammation produces pus.

    Ulcers vs Erosions

    • An ulcer extends deeper into the tissue compared to an erosion, which is confined to the epithelial layer.

    Immune Response and Cells

    • Professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as dendritic cells, stimulate naive T cells.
    • Mast cells, derived from basophils, are the least common leukocytes migrating to tissues.
    • Macrophage aggregation surrounded by lymphocytes is referred to as granulomatous inflammation.

    Learning Theories

    • Classical conditioning involves learning through association, leading to conditioned responses.
    • Operant conditioning revolves around behavior modification through reinforcement strategies.
    • Reinforcement aims to increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring again.

    Observational Learning and Therapy

    • Social context and role models, emphasized by theorists like Albert Bandura, enhance observational learning.
    • Exposure therapy helps diminish fear responses through gradual exposure to feared stimuli.

    Wound Healing and Cell Types

    • Permanent cells, such as neurons and cardiac muscle cells, do not proliferate after injury.
    • Factors like infection or poor blood supply impair wound healing.
    • Difference in healing methods: primary intention involves direct closure, while secondary intention involves granulation tissue formation.

    Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation

    • NADH transfers electrons to CoQ in the electron transport chain, producing ATP through a proton gradient.
    • Final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is oxygen.
    • Chemiosmotic theory explains ATP synthesis via the proton motive force across the membrane.

    Mitochondrial Health

    • Mitochondrial diseases are characterized by energy metabolism issues and common symptoms include muscle weakness.
    • High concentrations of certain compounds can lead to severe brain damage in infants.
    • Brown adipose tissue is responsible for thermogenesis, utilizing uncoupling proteins during oxidative phosphorylation.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    BAHRAIN LEARNING FFP1 23-24 SD.pptx
    Glycolysis_TCA_2022s (4).ppt
    Chronic InflammationBahrain version October 2023FINALv2 (2).pptx
    Healing and RepairFINALfinal Bahrain October 14 2023 (2).pptx
    FFP1- Electron Transport Chain -Final (1).pptx

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the regulation of glycolysis and the role of G-6-P in signaling the cell's glucose needs. Explore topics such as hexokinase, glucokinase, and their affinity for glucose.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser