Glycolysis Quiz Chapter 2

<p>NAD+ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Twice (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ATP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Isomerization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phosphoenolpyruvate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phosphoglycerate kinase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reaction 9 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Energy currency of the cell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ATP is produced through substrate level phosphorylation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2 ATP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is converted to lactate. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>NAD+ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Temperature (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibits the enzyme (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It enters the citric acid cycle. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lactate dehydrogenase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is oxidized to NAD+. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2 ATP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both aerobic and anaerobic conditions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycolysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Red blood cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pyruvate and lactate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anaerobic glycolysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skeletal muscle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Red blood cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ATP synthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hexokinase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lactate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hexokinase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It regenerates NAD+ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Has a higher Km than hexokinase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phosphofructokinase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2 ATP and 2 pyruvate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Direct synthesis of ATP from ADP using energy from glucose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycogenolysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cleavage stage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It serves as an electron carrier (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A simple sugar, a monosaccharide, essential for energy production in all living things. It's circulating in the blood and is the immediate primary energy source for cells.

A branched polymer of glucose molecules, serves as a storage form of glucose in the liver and muscles.

The metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose into pyruvate, generating ATP and other essential molecules.

The process of generating ATP from ADP by using the energy directly released from a chemical reaction, without an electron transport chain.

The enzyme responsible for converting pyruvate to lactate under anaerobic conditions, regenerating NAD+ for glycolysis to continue.

A control mechanism in glycolysis that regulates the rate of glucose breakdown by adjusting the activity of enzymes.

The first stage of glycolysis, where glucose is phosphorylated using ATP to form Glucose 6-phosphate.

The enzyme that catalyzes the first step of glycolysis, converting glucose to glucose 6-phosphate using ATP.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of glucose to glucose 6-phosphate, primarily found in the liver.

The process of using non-carbohydrate sources like amino acids or glycerol to synthesize glucose.

A series of biochemical reactions that occur within the cytoplasm of a cell.

An electron carrier that gets reduced during glycolysis, carrying electrons to the electron transport chain.

The breakdown of stored glycogen into glucose-6-phosphate, releasing glucose into the circulation.

An enzyme that plays a crucial role in controlling the rate of glycolysis, making it a key regulatory point.

A three-carbon molecule that is the end product of glycolysis, and a key input in the citric acid cycle.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of glucose 6-phosphate to fructose 6-phosphate, switching from an aldose to a ketose sugar.

This reaction is a critical regulatory step in glycolysis, controlling the overall rate of glucose breakdown.

The enzyme aldolase splits the 6-carbon sugar fructose 1,6-bisphosphate into two 3-carbon molecules: glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate.

An enzyme that converts dihydroxyacetone phosphate into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, ensuring the continuation of glycolysis by providing a second molecule of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is oxidized, NAD+ is reduced to NADH, and phosphate is added, resulting in 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate.

The net yield of ATP from glycolysis is 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.

When oxygen is limited, pyruvate is converted into lactate to regenerate NAD+ for glycolysis to continue.

A type of enzyme regulation where the product of a pathway inhibits an enzyme earlier in the pathway, slowing down the process.

The enzyme, phosphofructokinase, is a key regulator of glycolysis. It is allosterically inhibited by ATP and citrate, and activated by AMP and ADP.

A mechanism where cellular energy levels influence the rate of glycolysis by regulating enzyme activity.

Hormones can also control glycolysis, but this is beyond the scope of our current understanding.

A key reaction in glycolysis where ATP is generated directly from an energy-rich molecule without the need for an electron transport chain. This is termed "substrate-level phosphorylation" and occurs when a phosphate group is transferred from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to ADP, producing ATP.

This reaction involves the movement of a phosphate group from one carbon atom to another within the 3-phosphoglycerate molecule. It's an important step in preparing the molecule for the next reaction.

This reaction converts 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), a molecule that will be important in other metabolic pathways. The enzyme, enolase, removes water in this process.

Similar to reaction 7, this step generates ATP directly from a high-energy molecule. PEP donates a phosphate group to ADP, producing ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation.

The enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to ADP, producing ATP in reaction 7.

The enzyme that catalyzes the isomerization (rearrangement) of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate in reaction 8.

The removal of water from 2-phosphoglycerate to form phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) in reaction 9.

The enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from phosphoenolpyruvate to ADP, producing ATP in reaction 10.

Phosphofructokinase is an enzyme responsible for catalyzing the phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, a crucial step in glycolysis. This reaction is highly regulated, acting as a rate-limiting step controlling the overall speed of glycolysis.

ATP acts as an allosteric inhibitor of phosphofructokinase, meaning it binds to the enzyme at a site other than the active site, reducing enzyme activity. This is a negative feedback mechanism: when ATP levels are high, glycolysis is slowed down.

The Warburg effect describes the phenomenon where cancer cells preferentially utilize anaerobic glycolysis to generate energy even in the presence of oxygen. This results in increased lactate production, up to 200 times higher than in normal cells. While its exact function remains unknown, it holds promise as a potential target for cancer therapies.

Glycolysis is a central metabolic pathway present in all living cells, where glucose is broken down into pyruvate. It can proceed under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, yielding a small amount of ATP but crucial intermediates for other metabolic processes.

In aerobic conditions, the end product of glycolysis is pyruvate. In anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted into lactate. This conversion regenerates NAD+ needed for glycolysis to continue.

Glycolysis is crucial for brain, skeletal muscle, and red blood cells. Brain relies heavily on glucose for energy, muscles require quick ATP during intense exercise, and red blood cells lack mitochondria, making glycolysis their sole energy source.

The final step in glycolysis is the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to pyruvate, catalyzed by pyruvate kinase. This step generates ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation.

The regulation of glycolysis involves controlling the activity of key enzymes, primarily phosphofructokinase, hexokinase, and pyruvate kinase. Factors like ATP, ADP, and citrate influence the rate of glycolysis by activating or inhibiting these enzymes.