Glycolysis Overview and Steps

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What is the main purpose of the Citric acid cycle?

Produce ATP via oxidative phosphorylation

Synthesize amino acids directly

Generate oxygen for the cell

Complete the extraction of energy from glucose (correct)

Which process requires oxygen and is considered an aerobic process?

Electron Transport Chain (correct)

Fatty acid synthesis

Chemiosmosis

Gluconeogenesis

What is the final electron acceptor in the Electron Transport Chain?

FADH2

Oxygen (correct)

NADH

ADP

Which molecule is used in substrate phosphorylation to generate ATP directly?

ADP Signup and view all the answers

What happens in chemiosmosis during cellular respiration?

Production of ATP using ATP synthase Signup and view all the answers

During which step of cellular respiration are H+ ions pumped into the intermembrane space?

Chemiosmosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration?

Oxygen Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the ATP synthase turbine in cellular respiration?

Enables the phosphorylation of ADP to generate ATP Signup and view all the answers

Which process in cellular respiration is described as more efficient than substrate phosphorylation?

ETC and chemiosmosis Signup and view all the answers

What happens when cyanide blocks the passage of electrons to oxygen?

Cell death Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the electron transport chain (ETC) in cellular respiration?

To generate a proton gradient Signup and view all the answers

How many ATP molecules are typically produced per glucose molecule during cellular respiration?

26-28 ATP Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of insulin?

Promotes glucose uptake into cells Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is considered the 'gate-keeper' for glycolysis?

Phosphofructokinase Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates the breakdown of glycogen to increase blood sugar levels?

Glucagon Signup and view all the answers

When does AMP accumulate?

When ATP is being used rapidly Signup and view all the answers

What can generate ATP apart from glucose in cellular respiration?

Fats, proteins, and complex carbohydrates Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom of hypoglycemia?

Hyperglycemia Signup and view all the answers

Where does glycolysis occur?

In the cytosol Signup and view all the answers

How many ATP molecules are produced during glycolysis?

2 ATP are invested, 4 ATP are produced Signup and view all the answers

Where does pyruvate oxidation occur?

In the mitochondrial matrix Signup and view all the answers

What is produced during pyruvate oxidation?

1 NADH and 1 CO2 per pyruvate Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not produced during the citric acid cycle?

6 CO2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of NADH and FADH2 in cellular respiration?

They are electron donors in the electron transport chain Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of diabetes mellitus?

Inability to produce or respond to insulin Signup and view all the answers

Which type of diabetes is characterized by the destruction of pancreatic beta cells?

Type 1 diabetes Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate percentage of diabetics who have Type 2 diabetes?

Greater than 90% Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical age of onset for Type 2 diabetes?

Over the age of 40 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential risk factor for Type 2 diabetes?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of a lack of functional insulin in diabetes mellitus?

Increased blood glucose levels Signup and view all the answers