30 Questions
What is the main purpose of the Citric acid cycle?
Complete the extraction of energy from glucose
Which process requires oxygen and is considered an aerobic process?
Electron Transport Chain
What is the final electron acceptor in the Electron Transport Chain?
Oxygen
Which molecule is used in substrate phosphorylation to generate ATP directly?
ADP
What happens in chemiosmosis during cellular respiration?
Production of ATP using ATP synthase
During which step of cellular respiration are H+ ions pumped into the intermembrane space?
Chemiosmosis
What is the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration?
Oxygen
What is the role of the ATP synthase turbine in cellular respiration?
Enables the phosphorylation of ADP to generate ATP
Which process in cellular respiration is described as more efficient than substrate phosphorylation?
ETC and chemiosmosis
What happens when cyanide blocks the passage of electrons to oxygen?
Cell death
What is the main purpose of the electron transport chain (ETC) in cellular respiration?
To generate a proton gradient
How many ATP molecules are typically produced per glucose molecule during cellular respiration?
26-28 ATP
What is the main function of insulin?
Promotes glucose uptake into cells
Which enzyme is considered the 'gate-keeper' for glycolysis?
Phosphofructokinase
What stimulates the breakdown of glycogen to increase blood sugar levels?
Glucagon
When does AMP accumulate?
When ATP is being used rapidly
What can generate ATP apart from glucose in cellular respiration?
Fats, proteins, and complex carbohydrates
Which of the following is a symptom of hypoglycemia?
Hyperglycemia
Where does glycolysis occur?
In the cytosol
How many ATP molecules are produced during glycolysis?
2 ATP are invested, 4 ATP are produced
Where does pyruvate oxidation occur?
In the mitochondrial matrix
What is produced during pyruvate oxidation?
1 NADH and 1 CO2 per pyruvate
Which of the following is not produced during the citric acid cycle?
6 CO2
What is the role of NADH and FADH2 in cellular respiration?
They are electron donors in the electron transport chain
What is the primary cause of diabetes mellitus?
Inability to produce or respond to insulin
Which type of diabetes is characterized by the destruction of pancreatic beta cells?
Type 1 diabetes
What is the approximate percentage of diabetics who have Type 2 diabetes?
Greater than 90%
What is the typical age of onset for Type 2 diabetes?
Over the age of 40
Which of the following is a potential risk factor for Type 2 diabetes?
All of the above
What is the primary consequence of a lack of functional insulin in diabetes mellitus?
Increased blood glucose levels
Learn about the key concepts of glycolysis, including the investment and production of ATP, the lysis of glucose to pyruvate, and the role of NADH in the process. Understand the basic steps involved without needing to memorize them in detail.
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