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Questions and Answers
Which hormone is released from the adrenal cortex and stimulated by ACTH?
Which hormone is released from the adrenal cortex and stimulated by ACTH?
Hypoglycemia is characterized by blood glucose levels that are greater than normal.
Hypoglycemia is characterized by blood glucose levels that are greater than normal.
False
What is the primary function of somatostatin in relation to glucose metabolism?
What is the primary function of somatostatin in relation to glucose metabolism?
Inhibit insulin production
Reactive hypoglycemia can be diagnosed with ______________________ triad.
Reactive hypoglycemia can be diagnosed with ______________________ triad.
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Match the following types of hypoglycemia with their descriptions:
Match the following types of hypoglycemia with their descriptions:
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What is the primary hormone responsible for the entry of glucose into the cell?
What is the primary hormone responsible for the entry of glucose into the cell?
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Gluconeogenesis is the process of converting glucose to glycogen and storing it in the liver and skeletal muscle.
Gluconeogenesis is the process of converting glucose to glycogen and storing it in the liver and skeletal muscle.
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What are the two major hormones that regulate blood glucose metabolism?
What are the two major hormones that regulate blood glucose metabolism?
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The process of breaking down glycogen to glucose is called _______________________.
The process of breaking down glycogen to glucose is called _______________________.
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Match the following hormones with their functions:
Match the following hormones with their functions:
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What is the term for the process of converting glucose to glycogen and storing it in the liver and skeletal muscle?
What is the term for the process of converting glucose to glycogen and storing it in the liver and skeletal muscle?
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Glycolysis is the process of breaking down glucose to pyruvic acid or lactic acid for energy production.
Glycolysis is the process of breaking down glucose to pyruvic acid or lactic acid for energy production.
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The hormone produced by the adrenal medulla that increases glucose release during stress is _______________________.
The hormone produced by the adrenal medulla that increases glucose release during stress is _______________________.
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What is the function of amylase in the digestion of carbohydrates?
What is the function of amylase in the digestion of carbohydrates?
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Glucose is not absorbed from the small intestine.
Glucose is not absorbed from the small intestine.
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What are the three ways in which glucose is either utilized or stored in the body?
What are the three ways in which glucose is either utilized or stored in the body?
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The nervous system, including the brain, totally depends on ______________________ from the ECF.
The nervous system, including the brain, totally depends on ______________________ from the ECF.
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Match the following carbohydrates with their characteristics:
Match the following carbohydrates with their characteristics:
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The enzymes sucrase and lactase are responsible for the digestion of starch.
The enzymes sucrase and lactase are responsible for the digestion of starch.
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What is the primary function of glucose in the body?
What is the primary function of glucose in the body?
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What is the fate of glucose after it is absorbed from the small intestine?
What is the fate of glucose after it is absorbed from the small intestine?
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Study Notes
Glycolysis and Glycogenesis
- Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid or lactic acid for the production of energy in the form of ATP.
- Glycogenesis is the process of glycogen formation, while glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen.
- Glucose is converted to glycogen and stored in the liver and skeletal muscle.
Glucose Recovery
- Glucose can be recovered from fat and protein through the process of gluconeogenesis.
Regulation of Blood Glucose Metabolism
- Two major hormones regulate blood glucose metabolism: insulin and glucagon, both produced by the pancreas.
- Insulin is the primary hormone responsible for the entry of glucose into the cell, produced by beta cells in the islets of Langerhans.
- Insulin decreases blood glucose levels by:
- Transporting glucose to muscle and adipose tissue
- Increasing glycogenesis, lipogenesis, and glycolysis
- Inhibiting glycogenolysis
- Glucagon is the primary hormone responsible for increasing blood glucose levels, produced by alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans.
- Other hormones involved in blood glucose regulation include:
- Epinephrine
- Glucocorticoids (primarily cortisol)
- Growth hormone
- Thyroxine
- Somatostatin
Hormone Functions
- Insulin:
- Decreases blood glucose levels
- Hypoglycemic hormone
- Glucagon:
- Increases blood glucose levels
- Hyperglycemic hormone
- Epinephrine:
- Increases plasma glucose
- Glucocorticoids:
- Increase plasma glucose
- Stimulated by ACTH
- Growth hormone:
- Released from anterior pituitary
- Stimulated by decreased blood glucose levels
- Inhibited by increased blood glucose levels
- Somatostatin:
- Produced by gamma cells in the islets of Langerhans
- Increases plasma glucose levels by inhibiting insulin
Hypoglycemia
- Hypoglycemia is characterized by blood glucose levels less than normal.
- Symptoms of hypoglycemia usually occur when blood glucose levels fall below 50 mg/dl.
- Warning signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia are related to the central nervous system.
- Classification of hypoglycemia:
- Reactive (postprandial, or after meals)
- Fasting (postabsorptive)
Whipple's Triad
- Low blood glucose with classic symptoms of hypoglycemia
- Symptoms improve with glucose administration
Carbohydrates
- Polysaccharides (glycans) differ from each other in:
- Identity of their recurring monosaccharide units
- Length of their chains
- Types of bonds linking the units
- Degree of branching
- Amylase hydrolyzes starch to disaccharides
- Polysaccharides are of two types:
- Homopolysaccharides (contain only a single monomeric species)
- Heteropolysaccharides (contain two or more different kinds of monomeric species)
Chemical Properties of Carbohydrates
- Some carbohydrates are reducing substances, able to reduce or oxidize other compounds.
- Examples of reducing carbohydrates: glucose, maltose, fructose, lactose, and galactose.
- Non-reducing carbohydrates cannot reduce or oxidize compounds.
- Example of non-reducing carbohydrates: sucrose
Functions of Carbohydrates
- Provide energy to fuel cellular reactions
- Are intermediates in the formation of fats and proteins
- Aid in the regulation of nerve tissue and are the energy source of the brain
- Involved in the formation of RNA and DNA
- Involved in the formation of connective tissue
Fate of Glucose
- Ingested carbohydrates are polymers such as starch and glycogen.
- Amylase enzyme is responsible for the digestion of these compounds to disaccharides and dextrin.
- Enzymes sucrase and lactase hydrolyze sucrose to glucose and fructose, and lactose to glucose and galactose.
- Glucose is absorbed from the small intestine, then metabolism of the carbohydrate in the body begins.
- Glucose is transported through the bloodstream to the liver.
- In the liver, glucose is either used or stored.
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Description
This quiz covers the processes of glycolysis, glycogenesis, and glucose recovery, including the regulation of blood glucose metabolism. It explores the breakdown and formation of glucose, glycogen, and pyruvic acid, and the production of energy in the form of ATP.
