ENdo Pancreas
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Questions and Answers

Which hormone inhibits insulin secretion?

  • Gastrin
  • Somatostatin (correct)
  • Glucagon-like peptide1(GLP-1)
  • Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)

    • Insulin secretion is greater in response to which type of glucose intake?

  • Oral glucose intake (correct)
  • Intravenously administered glucose
  • Both oral and intravenous glucose intake
  • None of the above

    • Which hormone stimulates secretion of both insulin and glucagon?

  • Gastrin
  • Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) (correct)
  • Glucagon-like peptide1(GLP-1)
  • Cholecystokinin (CCK)

    • What is the normal fasting plasma glucose concentration?

    <p>70-99 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two major hormones are secreted from the endocrine pancreas?

    <p>Insulin and glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the major target organs for insulin and glucagon?

    <p>Liver and muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the insulin/glucagon (I/G) ratio in the regulation of body metabolism?

    <p>It determines the rate of glucose uptake by cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease state is caused by under-secretion of insulin?

    <p>Type 1 diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the complications of hyperglycemia?

    <p>Kidney failure and nerve damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following transporters is responsible for insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal, adipose tissue, and cardiac muscle?

    <p>GLUT-4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which glucose transporter is primarily expressed in the brain, placenta, and testes?

    <p>GLUT-3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which glucose transporter is responsible for glucose sensing in pancreatic beta cells?

    <p>GLUT-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which glucose transporter is responsible for transporting glucose, galactose, and fructose in the liver, pancreatic beta cells, small intestine, and kidney?

    <p>GLUT-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which glucose transporter is primarily expressed in the skeletal muscle, adipocytes, and cardiac muscle?

    <p>GLUT-4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells in the pancreas secrete insulin and amylin?

    <p>B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of glucagon?

    <p>To mobilize nutrient reserves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone inhibits the secretion of pancreatic hormones?

    <p>Somatostatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the half-life of insulin?

    <p>3-5 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stimulus for insulin secretion?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following plasma values would best explain the homeostatic regulation of plasma glucose levels?

    <p>Insulin/glucagon ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of hyperglycemia in patients with low insulin effect (diabetes)?

    <p>Low glucose uptake by skeletal muscle and fat cells and high hepatic glucose output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone stimulates insulin release by exocytosis from pancreatic beta cells?

    <p>Glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone inhibits insulin secretion?

    <p>Somatostatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which glucose transporter is primarily expressed in the brain, placenta, and testes?

    <p>GLUT3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is linked to osteoporosis and bone fragility?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a metabolic consequence of diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Skeletal muscle wasting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a complication of hyperglycemia in diabetes?

    <p>Neuropathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which glucose transporter is primarily expressed in the liver, pancreatic beta cells, small intestine, and kidney?

    <p>GLUT-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plasma glucose level is considered normal after a meal?

    <blockquote> <p>200 mg/dL</p> </blockquote> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major reason for complications of diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Hyperglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which glucose transporter is responsible for glucose sensing in pancreatic beta cells?

    <p>GLUT-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in response to hypoglycemia?

    <p>Glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which glucose transporter is primarily expressed in the skeletal muscle, adipocytes, and cardiac muscle?

    <p>GLUT-4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which glucose transporter is primarily expressed in the brain, placenta, and testes?

    <p>GLUT-3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a hormonal response to low blood glucose levels?

    <p>Increased cortisol secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for stimulating glycogenolysis in the liver and in the muscle?

    <p>Epinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of hyperglycemia in patients with low insulin effect (diabetes)?

    <p>Low glucose uptake by skeletal muscle and fat cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or False: Insulin receptors exist only in the skeletal and cardiac muscle and fat cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells in the pancreas secrete insulin and amylin?

    <p>Beta cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of insulin/glucagon (I/G) ratio in the regulation of body metabolism?

    <p>The I/G ratio affects the balance between anabolic and catabolic processes in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the major target organs for insulin and glucagon?

    <p>Insulin: liver, muscle, and adipose tissue; Glucagon: liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of glucagon?

    <p>Glucagon stimulates glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis in the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for mobilizing glycogen, fat, and protein to serve as energy sources during periods of food deprivation?

    <p>Glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of C-peptide?

    <p>Protects functional β-cells from oxidative stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the steps of insulin secretion in response to increased plasma glucose concentration?

    <p>Glucose enters the β cells via GLUT2 transporter, glucose → glucose-P → → ↑ATP production, ATP binds to the ATP-sensitive K+ channels (KATP) → ↓K+ efflux → β cell depolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of insulin?

    <p>Mobilizes glycogen, fat, and protein to serve as energy sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

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