Glucose Metabolism Pathways Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the net gain of ATP during the Embden Meyerhof Pathway?

2 (correct)

Which molecule is formed when glucose-6-phosphate is diverted during the Hexose Monophosphate Shunt?

Glucagon

Pyruvic acid

Dextrin

6-phosphogluconate (correct)

What process describes the conversion of glucose to glycogen?

Gluconeogenesis

Glycolysis

Glycogenesis (correct)

Glycogenolysis

Where does glycogenolysis primarily occur in the body?

Only in the liver Signup and view all the answers

What role does salivary amylase play in digestion?

Breaks down starch into smaller carbohydrates Signup and view all the answers

Which substrates can be utilized in the Embden Meyerhof Pathway apart from glucose?

Ketones and glycerol Signup and view all the answers

What is the immediate effect of chewing rice on digestion?

Stimulates the release of salivary amylase Signup and view all the answers

When does the process of glycogenesis occur?

When energy requirements are met Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of UDP Glucose in glycogen synthesis?

To facilitate the conversion of glucose-1-phosphate to glycogen Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly describes the liver's capability regarding glucose?

The liver synthesizes glucose-6-phosphatase, allowing glucose release. Signup and view all the answers

Why are muscle cells unable to release glucose back into the bloodstream?

Muscle cells lack glucose-6-phosphatase. Signup and view all the answers

What is produced when glycogen (n) reacts with UDP Glucose?

Glycogen (n + 1) and UDP Signup and view all the answers

What happens to glucose once it enters a muscle cell?

It remains as glycogen unless catabolized. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of glucagon in glucose metabolism?

Increases glycogenolysis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is responsible for decreasing blood glucose levels?

Insulin Signup and view all the answers

How does insulin affect glycogen metabolism?

Increases glycogenesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of low ATP levels on neuron function?

Aberrant resting membrane potentials Signup and view all the answers

What is the biochemical pathway called that converts glycogen into glucose?

Glycogenolysis Signup and view all the answers

Which process does somatostatin enhance?

Gluconeogenesis Signup and view all the answers

What metabolic process is enhanced by glucagon?

Glycogenolysis Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway allows conversion of fatty acids to energy when glucose is low?

Beta-oxidation Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential effect of prolonged lipolysis in patients with diabetes mellitus?

Production of ketones that can lead to acidosis Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency?

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism leads to hypokalemia in patients experiencing acidosis?

Displacement of potassium from cells Signup and view all the answers

Seizures in patients with diabetes mellitus can be triggered by which of the following?

Hypoglycemia Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in the body that disrupts glucose utilization in diabetes mellitus?

Impaired insulin signaling in muscle cells Signup and view all the answers

What is a result of excessive urination in patients with diabetes mellitus?

Loss of other electrolytes along with sodium Signup and view all the answers

What effect do excess ketones have on neurotransmitters in the CNS?

Increase excitatory neurotransmitter production Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes hyperkalemia in diabetes mellitus?

Increased potassium concentration from displacement in acidosis Signup and view all the answers

What role does peristalsis play in the digestive process?

It mechanically breaks down food and moves it to the stomach. Signup and view all the answers

During which condition does glycogenolysis primarily occur?

During the first 24 hours of fasting Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the inactivation of salivary amylase in the stomach?

Release of hydrochloric acid Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of pancreatic amylase in digestion?

It further breaks down disaccharides and dextrins. Signup and view all the answers

Which enzymes are involved in breaking down disaccharides in the small intestine?

Disaccharidases like lactase and maltase Signup and view all the answers

What is gluconeogenesis primarily used for?

Producing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the villi in the small intestine?

To increase surface area for absorption Signup and view all the answers

How long can the body typically endure without eating while still having energy?

5 days Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Pathways of Glucose Metabolism

Embden Meyerhof Pathway (Glycolysis):
- Converts glucose into two three-carbon molecules of pyruvic acid.
- Other substrates include glycerol, fatty acids, and ketones.
- ATP Usage:
  - Used = 2
  - Produced = 4
  - Net gain = 2
Hexose Monophosphate Shunt:
- Redirects glucose-6-phosphate from glycolysis.
- Produces 6-phosphogluconate.
Glycogenesis:
- Initiates in the mouth with salivary amylase breaking down starch (polysaccharide).
- Glycogen forms only when energy needs are satisfied.
- Glucose is converted into glycogen, primarily in the liver, muscles, and other cells.

Digestion and Absorption

Digestion begins in the mouth with salivary amylase.
Salivary amylase acts on starch, producing dextrin and disaccharides.
Stomach digestion involves hydrochloric acid, which inactivates salivary amylase.
Pancreatic enzymes (amylase, bicarbonate) counteract stomach acid and assist in chemical digestion.
Dextrins and disaccharides are further broken down at the brush border of the intestine into monosaccharides for absorption.

Glycogen Metabolism

Glycogenolysis:
- Breakdown of stored glycogen into glucose-1-phosphate.
Gluconeogenesis:
- Formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources (proteins and lipids).
- Occurs after glycogen stores are depleted during fasting.
Energy Sources During Fasting:
- First 24 hours relies on glycogen.
- Post 24 hours, alternatives such as fatty acids, glycerol, and ketones are utilized for glucose production.

Hormonal Regulation of Glucose Metabolism

Insulin:
- Promotes glycogenesis, glycolysis, and lipogenesis.
- Decreases glycogenolysis.
Glucagon:
- Stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.
- Converts fatty acids into ketones and proteins into amino acids for energy.
Somatostatin:
- Regulates insulin and glucagon balance.

Diabetes Mellitus (DM)

Class of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia due to:
- Insulin secretion defects or deficiencies.
- Insulin's role in reducing extracellular glucose concentrations is critical; muscle cells require insulin for glucose uptake.
- Hyperglycemia can lead to seizures and abnormal glucose utilization.
Electrolyte Imbalance:
- Occurs with prolonged hyperglycemia and polyuria, leading to potential acidosis and hyperkalemia.

Neurological Effects

Low ATP levels impair sodium-potassium ATPase pump, affecting membrane potentials in nervous tissue.
Hypoglycemia can trigger seizures due to altered neurotransmitter production caused by increased excitatory neurotransmitters.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the pathways of glucose metabolism, focusing specifically on the Embden Meyerhof pathway and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. This quiz will explore how glucose is broken down into pyruvic acid and other substrates. Challenge yourself to understand these critical biochemical processes!