Gluconeogenesis Overview and Substrates

The metabolic pathway that produces glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, like lactate, pyruvate, glycerol, and amino acids.

Molecules used to produce glucose via gluconeogenesis. Examples include glycerol, lactate, and certain amino acid derivatives

A product of the breakdown of fats that can be used as a source of carbon to make glucose through gluconeogenesis in the liver

Short-term energy storage in the liver. Provide glucose for about 10-18 hours.

Liver mainly produces glucose during an overnight fast (90%). However, during prolonged fasting the kidneys become more significant.

A 3-carbon compound that can be converted to pyruvate and then glucose in gluconeogenesis

A metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose into pyruvate.

The process of making glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.

Muscle and red blood cells produce lactate, which the liver converts back into glucose.

Broken-down proteins (amino acids) provide glucose precursors.

Enzyme converting pyruvate to oxaloacetate.

Important intermediate in gluconeogenesis, later converted to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP).

Enzyme converting oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate.

Biotin is a coenzyme needed by pyruvate carboxylase.

Three glycolysis reactions that must be bypassed in gluconeogenesis.

Acetyl CoA and related compounds cannot create glucose directly.

Liver is major site for glucose creation during fasting, especially overnight.