Globalization's Impact on Supply Chains
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What should managers consider when designing a global supply chain network in the context of globalization?

  • Balancing both opportunities and uncertainties over the long term. (correct)
  • Ignoring potential risks to maximize potential rewards.
  • Only focusing on minimizing immediate costs.
  • Prioritizing short-term gains over long-term sustainability.
  • Which factor has enabled significant cost reduction opportunities for the consumer electronics industry through globalization?

  • The ability to consolidate production of standardized components in a single location. (correct)
  • High customization requirements for each local market.
  • The complexity and high cost of shipping electronic components.
  • The need for localized production to meet consumer demand.
  • Which of the following is a key characteristic that makes apparel manufacturing suitable for globalized supply chains?

  • Minimal labor requirements and high material costs.
  • Heavy, bulky products that require specialized transportation.
  • High labor content, lightweight products, and cost-effective transportation. (correct)
  • Low labor content and complex manufacturing processes.
  • How did globalization benefit Procter & Gamble (P&G) according to the text?

    <p>Significant sales through developing markets, with comparable profit margins to developed markets. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant achievement of Samsung in the global market by 2012?

    <p>Becoming the leading vendor of smartphones in China and India. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of consumer electronic products makes them well-suited for globalized production and distribution?

    <p>Their small size, light weight, and relatively low shipping costs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of contract manufacturers like Foxconn and Flextronics in the context of globalization?

    <p>They have become large entities with facilities in low-cost countries to produce standardized components. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Considering the impacts of globalization, what is a key difference between high-performance supply chains like Samsung and Zara, versus others?

    <p>High-performance supply chains fully exploit globalization, while others face unpreparedness for increased risks. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does not directly influence the supplier price when evaluating the total cost of offshoring?

    <p>Exchange rate trends (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When evaluating the total cost of offshoring, which of the following is primarily affected by 'net payment terms'?

    <p>Terms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these factors is least likely to be a direct component of delivery costs when considering offshoring?

    <p>Plant warehouse costs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors contributes most directly to 'inventory and warehousing' costs associated with offshoring?

    <p>Supply chain warehousing costs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a 'cost of quality' associated with offshoring?

    <p>Cost of performance drop due to poorer quality (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary impact of focusing on reducing transportation content for successful global sourcing?

    <p>Facilitates greater shipping density (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most significant result of wage inflation and currency appreciation in low-cost countries on offshoring?

    <p>Offshoring becomes less attractive. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For which type of product is offshoring to low-cost countries generally most suitable?

    <p>Products with high labor content (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can designing modular products that are assembled by the customer help reduce transportation costs in global supply chains?

    <p>By allowing the modules to be shipped flat in high density (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of supplier hubs in global sourcing?

    <p>To facilitate consolidated shipments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key danger of using an offshore location that is primarily targeting low costs?

    <p>Absorbing all the uncertainties in the supply chain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the jewelry manufacturing example, why was it cheaper to install stamping tools at the gold sheet supplier in the United States, rather than in Hong Kong?

    <p>Reduced waste recycling time and transportation costs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What strategy can a company implement to effectively lower transportation costs when volumes are low, while still maintaining flexibility for high-volume direct shipping?

    <p>Using supplier hubs for consolidated shipping when volumes are low (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Nissan reduce transportation costs for its globally sourced components?

    <p>By redesigning components for tighter packing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is generally likely to result in the greatest benefit from offshoring?

    <p>Unit cost reduction from lower labor and fixed costs, along with possible tax advantages. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor most significantly undermines the anticipated benefits of offshoring to low-cost countries?

    <p>A singular focus on minimizing unit cost, disregarding the comprehensive total cost. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key way Toyota effectively managed market fluctuations, unlike some of its competitors?

    <p>By using flexible global assembly plants. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What demonstrates the extreme volatility that global supply chains must manage?

    <p>Radical fluctuations in crude oil spot price and exchange rates. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What strategic advantage did Honda leverage to maintain high plant utilization rates during a shift in auto sales between 2007 and 2008?

    <p>Having plants flexible enough to produce both SUVs and smaller vehicles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical consideration for companies designing global supply networks given the fluctuations in demand, prices, and exchange rates?

    <p>Building in flexible production capacity that can be reconfigured. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was identified as one of the primary sources of risk affecting global supply chain performance in the 2006 Accenture survey?

    <p>Natural disasters. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the 2011 Japanese earthquake and tsunami affect the automotive industry?

    <p>It led to American automakers gaining market share at the expense of Toyota. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should companies consider when making global network design decisions?

    <p>Supply, demand, and financial uncertainty. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to build flexible production capacity at a plant?

    <p>To buffer against fluctuations in demand and price. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way can comparative advantage in global supply chains be achieved, as recognized by Adam Smith?

    <p>By purchasing goods from foreign countries that can produce them cheaper. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been the general trend regarding the risk associated with global supply chains, according to a 2006 Accenture survey of executives?

    <p>Risk has increased as a result of global operations strategy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action exemplifies a company's effort to incorporate risk mitigation into its global supply chain's design?

    <p>Building flexibility to alter production based on fluctuations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary impact of the 2011 flooding in Thailand on the automotive and electronics industries?

    <p>A significant disruption, including suspension of operations and reduced profits. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Apparel imports to the United States are mainly from which countries?

    <p>Predominantly from Asian countries, including China, Vietnam and Bangladesh. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the shift in auto sales between 2007 and 2008 demonstrate regarding consumer preferences and sales trends?

    <p>A more significant drop in SUV sales compared to small cars and hybrids. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Globalization

    The process of increased interconnectedness among countries, enhancing trade and investment opportunities.

    Supply Chain

    A network between a company and its suppliers to produce and distribute a product.

    Risk Mitigation

    Strategies to minimize potential losses in business operations.

    Total Cost in Global Sourcing

    Comprehensive costs including production, shipping, tariffs, and risks when sourcing globally.

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    Consumer Electronics

    Products like smartphones and TVs that are designed for everyday use by consumers.

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    Economies of Scale

    Cost advantages reaped by companies when production becomes efficient and larger in scale.

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    Contract Manufacturers

    Companies that produce goods for other brands under contract, often in low-cost areas.

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    Emerging Markets

    Economies that are in the process of rapid growth and industrialization, like China and India.

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    Apparel Manufacturing Shift

    Moving clothing production to low-cost countries, mainly in Asia.

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    Supply Chain Risk

    The potential for disruptions in the supply chain due to various factors.

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    Natural Disaster Impact

    How events like earthquakes disrupt production and supply chains.

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    Market Share Gain

    Increase in business share due to competitor disruptions.

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    Production Capacity Flexibility

    Ability to adjust manufacturing output based on demand changes.

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    Total Cost Evaluation

    Assessing all costs associated with sourcing, not just unit price.

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    Offshoring Benefits

    Advantages gained by relocating production to lower-cost locations.

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    Transportation Costs

    Expenses related to moving goods from one location to another.

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    Comparative Advantage

    The ability to produce goods at a lower opportunity cost than others.

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    Fuel Price Volatility

    Fluctuations in fuel costs affecting supply chain expenses.

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    Product Demand Fluctuation

    Changes in consumer demand for products over time.

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    Global Supply Chain Uncertainty

    Unpredictability in supply chains due to multiple changing factors.

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    Exchange Rate Fluctuation

    Changes in currency values affecting international trade costs.

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    Accenture Survey Findings

    Insights on supply chain risks from a consulting firm's survey.

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    Automotive Production Flexibility

    Ability of car manufacturers to switch production types based on market demand.

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    Global Supply Chain Complexity

    Increased difficulty in managing supply chains due to offshoring.

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    Supplier Price Factors

    Elements that influence supplier pricing, including material and labor costs.

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    Delivery Costs

    Costs associated with transporting goods, including freight and packaging.

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    Cost of Quality

    Costs incurred to ensure quality and address quality failures.

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    Customs Costs

    Duties and taxes imposed on goods crossing borders.

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    Cost of Risk

    Potential costs associated with uncertainties in supply chain management.

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    Labor Cost Trends

    Changes in wages and labor expenses over time, affecting offshoring decisions.

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    Transportation Efficiency

    Optimizing shipping processes to reduce costs and improve delivery times.

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    Supplier Hubs

    Centralized locations where multiple suppliers ship goods for efficiency.

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    Modular Design

    Product design allowing components to be shipped flat and assembled later.

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    High Labor Content

    Products that require significant labor input, impacting offshoring viability.

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    Production Process Review

    Evaluating manufacturing steps to determine cost-effectiveness and efficiency.

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    Working Capital Requirements

    Funds needed for day-to-day operations and production processes.

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    Recycling Waste Gold

    Reusing leftover materials to reduce costs and environmental impact.

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    Offshoring Decision Factors

    Considerations that determine whether to move production overseas.

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    Study Notes

    Globalization's Impact on Supply Chains

    • Globalization presents opportunities (increased revenue, lower costs) and risks (supply chain disruptions) for companies.
    • Examples of successful global supply chains include Samsung and Zara.
    • Managers must consider both opportunities and uncertainties when designing global supply chains.

    Factors Affecting Global Sourcing Decisions

    • Globalization enables companies to increase revenues and decrease costs in developing markets.
    • Industries like consumer electronics and apparel benefit from cost reductions through global sourcing.
    • Companies like P&G and Samsung have significantly expanded their sales in developing markets.
    • Significant risk is often associated with global supply chains, including natural disasters, fluctuating fuel prices, and unreliable supply chain partners.
    • The 2011 Japanese earthquake and tsunami illustrate the impact of global supply chain disruptions.
    • The 2011 Thailand floods further highlighted the risks to supply chains around the globe.

    Evaluating Total Cost in Offshoring Decisions

    • Companies should evaluate total landed cost, not just unit cost, when deciding to offshore production.
    • Factors like supplier cost, terms (payment schedules, volume discounts), delivery costs (freight, packaging), and inventory/warehousing must be considered.
    • Cost of quality, customs duties, risk factors, procurement staff costs, infrastructure, and exchange rate trends should also be assessed.
    • Offshoring may prove less profitable due to increasing transportation costs and escalating labor costs in some countries (like China and India).
    • Offshoring benefits most products with high labor content, large production volumes, low variety, and low transport costs relative to product value

    Managing Supply Chain Uncertainty

    • Uncertainty is inherent in global supply chains (fluctuation in demand, prices, exchange rates, competition)
    • Building flexible production capacity helps companies react efficiently to fluctuating conditions.
    • Toyota's global assembly plant flexibility allows response to demand, exchange, and price changes.

    Risk Mitigation in Global Supply Chains

    • Companies must account for risk in global supply chains to avoid failure.
    • Diverse locations (onshore, nearshore, offshore) can improve resilience to disruptions.
    • More sophisticated flexible policies allow companies to optimize cost during high and low volume periods.

    Transportation Efficiency in Global Sourcing

    • Companies in global sourcing should reduce transportation costs.
    • Designing components that are shippable in high density, and utilizing supplier hubs can aid in successful global sourcing.

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    Description

    Explore the significance of globalization in supply chains, focusing on the opportunities and risks it presents to companies. Learn about successful examples like Samsung and Zara and the factors affecting global sourcing decisions. Understand how to navigate uncertainties that can impact global supply chain management.

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