Globalization, Malnutrition, and Health

• Diet and nutrition are fundamental factors in metabolism, physiology, growth, maintenance, and health.
• Diet and nutrition assessment impacts both malnutrition and overnutrition.
• Diet plays a key role in non-communicable/chronic diseases (CD), supported by studies.

Nutrition and Chronic Disease: A Global Perspective

• Learning objectives include understanding nutrition transition, double/ triple burden of disease, and strategies/nutrition's role in reducing chronic diseases.
• High caloric intake and high fat are linked to CVD. Low fibre is linked to colon cancer
• Calcium and Vitamin D are linked to osteoporosis. Anti-oxidants are linked to decreased incidence of cancer
• A low intake of Folate, B12, and B6 with increased risk of CVD

Key Facts of Non-Communicable Disease/Chronic Disease

• Non-communicable diseases cause 41 million deaths per year, 74% of global deaths.
• 17 million people die from NCDs before age 70, with 86% of premature deaths in low/middle-income countries.
• 80% of all deaths are from CVD (18 million), cancers (9.3 million), chronic respiratory disease (4.1 million), and diabetes (2 million).
• The WHO has information on non-communicable diseases

Mortality Causes

• Ischaemic heart disease and stroke can combine as both are related to atherosclerosis.
• There is a relationship between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and tobacco.
• Alcohol and smoking consumption are linked to trachea, bronchus, and lung cancers.
• Alzheimer's disease and other dementias are moving up every year as leading causes of mortality.
• Diabetes mellitusis also related to kidney diseases.
• Low-income countries have more communicable diseases but with rising income results with less.

Characteristics of Non-Communicable Diseases

• These diseases involve complex interactions of risk factors, often without a specific point of origin.
• There is a long latent period between risk factor exposure and disease manifestation.
• The diseases have a long period of illness and multiple risk factor etiology.

Risk Factors for Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs)

• Include genetic, environmental, sociodemographic, self-management, and medical condition factors.
• DIet, nutrition and food stem are risk factors for NCDs

Mortality in Low-Income Countries

• In low-income countries, the main causes of death: lower respiratory infections, stroke, and ischaemic heart disease.
• Unlike high income countries where these are from non communicable disease, low incomes are primarily from communicable diseases

Mortality in High-Income Countries

• Ischaemic heart disease, COVID-19, and stroke are among the main mortality causes.

• The primary causes are due to non-communicable diseases

• In 2019, approximately 10% of Canadians were projected to die from CVD, cancer, and diabetes between ages 30 and 70.

• China and India have high rates of death due to malignant neoplasms (tumors) due to population density.

Diet and Health Links

• High calorie intake and high fat diets are linked to cardiovascular disease.
• Low fiber intake and inadequate intake of calcium and vitamin D are linked to certain cancers and osteoporosis, respectively.
• Deficiencies in folate, B12, and B6 are linked to CVD.

Disability stats

• Non-communicable diseases contribute to the greatest years lived with disability (YLD).

Obesity Stats

• There is a significant percentage of the population (~50%) that suffer from from non-communicable diseases
• Approx. 20% also suffer from communicable diseases
• It is not included in the top 10 list of leading disease burdens!

Chronic Conditions

• Common chronic conditions include arthritis, mood and bowel disorders, and allergies. Arthritis
  • Arthritis affects joints, causing pain and stiffness.
  • It can substantially reduce the quality of life. Mood disorders, such as depression and bipolar disorder, can affect job performance more than hypertension and diabetes. Bowel disorders may cause inflammation or dysregulation of the gastrointestinal tract, reducing quality of life. Allergies involve hypersensitive reactions of the immune system, and can be life-threatening.

Leading Causes of Death in Canada

• Malignant neoplasms (cancer) are the leading cause, followed by heart diseases and accidents.

Canadian Health: Key Indicators

• Many Canadians self-report very good or excellent health, overweight/obese, and arthritis.
• Heavy drinking is reported in the annual estimates.
• Canada has a high BMI of overweight at almost 20 million people

Global Dietary Burden

• Concerns double burden of malnutrition and overnutrition + micronutrient deficiency and infectious disease.
• Undernutrition manifests as childhood stunting/wasting and micronutrient deficiencies.
• Undernutrition accounts for >1/3 of all child deaths.

Malnutrition

• Can be defined as deficiency, excess, or imbalance in energy intake/nutrients.
• Undernutrition involves wasting (low weight-for-height), stunting (low height-for-age), and underweight.
• Micronutrient-related malnutrition associates with a deficiency of essential vitamins/minerals.

Leading Risks

• All six risks is a combination of childhood underweight and suboptimal breastfeeding.
• Childhood underweight and suboptimal breastfeeding have the highest percentage of deaths and DALYs.

Prevalence

• Still prevalance of both and wating malnutrition problems in the world

More than One in Three

• More than one in three low- and middle-income countries face both malnutrition extremes.

Globalization

• Refers to the creation of connection networks through flows of people, information, ideas, capital, and goods among the world.

Globalization and Food Policy

• Rapid changes in diets and lifestyle are linked to industrialization, urbanization, and economic development

• Food becomes a commodity for world trade with global marketing. This impacts nutritional status/health, especially in developing and transitional economies.

• High folate fortification may leads to higher cancer incidents because not enough B12 to counteract

Modern Diet

'The nutrition transition' represents a shift from whole food diets to more energy-dense, nutrient-poor, and processed foods.

• This dietary shift links to increased risks of obesity, diabetes, CVD, and cancer.
• It also links to micronutrient deficiencies and decreased physical activity.

Nutrient Transition

There are five phases Phase 1: Collecting Food (Diverse plants & animal food diet). Phase 2: Famine. Phase 3: Receding Famine (Starchy, low fat, high fiber, low variety diet). Phase 4: Chronic Disease (NCD's) (fat and sugar intake increase. Drink sugary beverages, juices etc). Phase 5: Behavioral Change (Real food diet dominant and active lifestyles from increased knowledge).

Dietary Convergence and Acculturation

Increased availability + consumption of pre-prepared ultra-processed foods. These foods are often cheaper but less nutritious for the consumer. Examples: high-fructose corn syrup, refined sugars, and trans fats.

Diet changes

• Other modifications from diet changes includes portion size and super size

Role of Biology and Modern Technology

• Biology evolved over millennia. Modern technology has taken advantage of this biology

Unmodifiable Factors

• Age, sex, and genetic can't be chaged. Diets, behaviors can be be changed

Nutrient Deficiency and Health Teenagers living off cripsps and chips are causing blindness

Need to Change food policy, advocacy for local faring and advocate good habits

• The number one risk factor of poor health is the food choices and should be the first focus

This quiz explores the multifaceted impacts of globalization, focusing on its effects on national economies, cultures, and dietary health. It covers factors that do and do not contribute to globalization and examines the consequences of increased processed food consumption. The quiz also addresses the double, triple, and quadruple burdens of malnutrition in a global context.