Globalization and its effects

• Events of the past often affect people's lives presently.
• The past can influence the choices available today, but some choices remain personal.
• Forces that have shaped the past are legacies passed on from previous generations.
• Analyzing legacies, understanding evolution, impact recognition, and thoughtful response are essential for informed participation in society.

Related Issues

• Issue 1 explored relationships between Identity and globalization; effects on personal lives and the lives of others.
• Globalization is an evolving phenomenon with roots stretching far back in time.
• Historical globalization presents actions, ideas, values, and forces that promoted the process.
• Analyzing and evaluating historical globalization reveals how it continues to affect societies.
• Historians and economists debate the specifics and timing of historical globalization.
• Descendants of Aboriginal peoples globally still struggle with the effects of historical globalization on their daily lives and identity.
• Struggles of Indigenous peoples may differ but they have united them in various countries.
• Understanding historical globalization and its effects fosters appreciation for contemporary, cross-cultural perspectives.

Outcomes of Understanding Historical Globalization

• Decisions and actions of the past are legacies of historical globalization.
• Ongoing struggles between peoples with differing views affect the world today.
• Governments, groups, and individuals attempt to address the effects of historical globalization.
• A deeper comprehension of the relationship between historical globalization and personal life is needed.
• Necessary to understand how to respond to the effects of historical globalization.

Preparing for the Four-Corners Debate

• A four-corners debate discusses, analyzes, and evaluates responses for related issues
• It addresses the extent contemporary society responds to historical globalization legacies.
• The key to is the quality of questions asked and answered; thoughtful and respectful listening is essential.
• Evaluate and respond to informed positions on the debate statement through this method.
• Signs indicating agreement levels (Strongly Agree, Agree, Strongly Disagree, Disagree) are posted in the classroom.

Debate Preparation Includes

• Creating informed questions;
• Analyzing the issue by breaking it down and understanding relationships between parts
• Examining components of the debate statement is necessary
• Taking a starting position (strongly agree, agree, disagree etc) is important.
• Move to the area in the room that best represents position.
• Present informed position and be prepared to listen to others.
• Include visuals (maps, charts, diagrams) to add depth.
• Opportunities to change position during the debate if persuaded by other arguments
• When it ends, the number in each corner shows the classes final views.
• Take note of the number of students in each section
• Sum up debate, commenting on the process, main discussion points, and any position changes

Focus on globalization

• Societies used their own numbering systems to complete mathematical calculations, track time, place, distance, and resources for millennia
• Difficulties arose when trading with neighbors, highlighting the challenges societies faced with different systems.
• Benefits of a single numbering system, the Indo-Arabic numerals, contribute to globalization.
• The system became so widely used as it aided the development of a uniform international numbering system.

Chapter Key Questions

• Why and how did globalization begin?
• How did the foundations of historical globalization affect people?
• How did the consequences of historical globalization affect people?

Voices

• Globalization began in 325 BCE; When Chandragupta Maurya combined religion, trade, and military might for protected trade areas.
• Some say it started in 1100s; Genghis Khan introduced horseback fighting for an empire from the Adriatic Sea to China
• 1492 is a common answer: Christopher Columbus made his first trip to the Americas.
• Early caravan networks linked Asia and Europe as early as the third century BCE
• China's silk gave it the name Silk رود
• Trade goods were not the only things that travelled the Silk Road.
• The Indo-Arabic numbering system originated in India and adopted in the MIddle East and then Italy.
• From there, it's quickly spread throughout Europe, now used worldwide.

Evolving Globalization Theories

• Ashutosh Sheshabalaya: Globalization evolved in three phases
• First Phase: Goods and ideas exchanged along ancient trade routes; Arab civilizations (ambassadors of ideas) transferred knowledge to Europe.
• Second phase: Started in the late 1400s. Technologies enabled travel far, related to European imperialism.
• Third phase Evolved from the second, began after WWII, rapid growth of markets, communication, China and India.
• Many refer to second round as historical globalization starting in 1492.
• Some say Globalization Ended WWII when US and The Soviet Union emerged as superpowers.

The Concept of Historical Globalization

• Prior to 1800s, import goods were luxuries(Fine sewing needles, beaver furs for hats for First Peoples and fashionable people).
• Kevin O'Rourke and Jeffrey Williamson: Globalization began in the 1800s with low cost goods flooding markets.

Monuments to Columbus

• The monuments erected tell the importance of Columbus's voyages and help convince that globalization began with his voyage of 1492.
• A theory is that globalization was started when the world began
• Another theory is that globalization began in the 1800s, as this allowed cheap trade products to start changing societies worldwide
• Another possible statement that could be added to the list could be globalization began when people started spreading religions

Steps to Analyzing Historical and Contemporary Perspectives

• Step 1: Prepare to analyze; break down a topic to understand the relationships among the parts and the whole.
• Discuss the questions in first column to analyze
• Step 2: Analyze points of view and perspectives by reading quotations and answering questions
• Step 3: Compare points of view and perspectives by dividing charts into categories.
• Step 4: Completion: Assess how these influended thinking by answering guiding questions

Understanding Global History

• Christopher Columbus high faith and courage gave mankind a new world
• Columbus gave a new world
• Columbus Arrival was a disaster from beginning
• Imperialism is still happening with the exploitation of people today
• Europeans cannot discover an inhabited land

Analyzing Points of View and Perspectives

• Consider: Topic, speaker, writer, background, bias, message and intended audience
• Historical perspectives play an important role in understanding and evaluating globalization.

New Tech

• Large square sails and the lateen mobile stern allowed for faster travel
• Navigational tools like compass + maps improved
• Gunpowder caused drastic changes to warfare
• These aided the growth of trade.

Economic Globalization (Mercantilism)

• European countries would compete to establish colonies due to seafaring traditions
• Colonies provided cheap raw materials and market for goods, bringing them economic power and prosperity
• These powers were meant to favor the home country, and a colony's exports must be less than imports
• Countries like Britain did not allow them to import goods and colonies could trade only with the made country
• This benefited the home country but affected colonies and their opinions
• A common example of this would be The American Revolution

VOICES

• Nothing but grief in Mexico and Tiatelolco after Mexico City and the Spanish Conquest in 1519.

Cultural Imperialism

• Non-violent forms in which countries impose non violent values on another
• Colonial powers that set out claims thought customs/ culture/ beliefs superior
• Indigenous people were displaced and enslaved. This impacted traditions and created conflicts when trying to claim claims.

Colonial Settlement

• Encouraged settlers to emigrate from their home countries to acquired land
• Settlers provided pool to run the colony, gather resources, protect home trading
• This helped decrease conflict but also impose EU customs The Effects of European Colonial Settlement in relation to Trading Empires, around 1770

How Globalization Impacted People:

• Indigenous peoples had a hard time as countries started colonizing

  • Some first peoples benefited as they started trading and using tools. But these were not made to last either.
  • As EU built settlement, first people shifted from traditional and culture
  • Most colonists thought indigenous should try assimilating and adapting the European lifestyle. As first peoples adopted, the culture changed.

• European diseases started spreading because Spanish soldiers had defeated the Aztecs by 1521.

Population Loss in Native Populations

• Between 75%-90% of the indigenous by the people who had no immune system against it (estimated about as many as 10 Million
• Some things to note:
  • The early European explorers think they went of finding India, thinking Indigenous were Indians