Globalization and International Relations Quiz

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Questions and Answers

According to Manfred Steger, what does 'Globalization' refer to?

A process of expanding and intensifying social relations. (correct)

Integration of national markets into a global market.

The expansion of global markets.

A belief that globalization is beneficial for everyone.

Which concept closely relates to the subjective experience of time and space?

Intensification

Globalism

Expansion

Globalization (correct)

What does 'Globalism' represent according to Manfred Steger?

The belief that globalization is inherently negative.

The integration of national economies.

The movement of people across borders.

A widespread belief that globalization is beneficial for everyone. (correct)

The 'Ethnoscape' is a concept that describes:

The global movement of people. Signup and view all the answers

According to the IMF, 'Economic Globalization' is characterized by:

The integration of national economies. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of a 'scape' identified by Arjun Appadurai?

SocialScape Signup and view all the answers

Which statement BEST summarizes how Globalization affects different people?

It's a complex process with uneven effects. Signup and view all the answers

What does the statement 'Globalization is a complex phenomenon that occurs at multiple levels' imply?

It's influenced by various factors and affects different aspects of life. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these organs of the UN is the largest body by membership?

General Assembly Signup and view all the answers

How often is the president of the General Assembly elected?

Every year Signup and view all the answers

What main function does the Security Council have?

Maintain international peace and security Signup and view all the answers

How many permanent members are within the Security Council?

5 Signup and view all the answers

What is the main task of the International Court of Justice?

Resolving legal disputes between member states Signup and view all the answers

Which of these organs is considered the most influential by many commentators?

Security Council Signup and view all the answers

How does the UN's influence become limited?

When member states refuse to cooperate Signup and view all the answers

What is the main challenge that the UN faces?

Addressing issues related to international security Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly identifies the People's Republic of China (PROC) and its capital?

PROC - Beijing Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the Arab nations as a collective?

United by Islam and the Arabic language Signup and view all the answers

What does sovereignty in the context of a state imply?

The absolute authority within its territory Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the concept of a state?

A state's authority is derived from its citizens within a governed territory. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between North and South Korea?

Division based on ideological differences Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of fiat currencies?

Their value is determined by supply and demand. Signup and view all the answers

What role do embassies play in international relations?

Managing political, economic, and cultural relations Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following differentiates GDP from GNP?

GDP is limited to geographical borders; GNP includes overseas activities of residents. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Taiwan's international relations status?

Economic and cultural relations but no diplomatic recognition Signup and view all the answers

How many distinctive states compose the United States of America?

50 Signup and view all the answers

What role does the International Monetary Fund (IMF) serve?

A global lender of last resort in financial crises. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement reflects John Maynard Keynes's beliefs about the economy?

Crises happen when money that exists fails to circulate. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the Bretton Woods System?

A framework for global economic cooperation established post-World War II. Signup and view all the answers

How is GNP calculated from GDP?

GNP = GDP + (Export - Import) + remittances. Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)?

To fund postwar reconstruction projects. Signup and view all the answers

What did the indirect versions of the gold standard refer to in the 1970s?

A system where currencies were backed partially by gold. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors are NOT cited as a Contemporary Challenge to Regionalism?

Political Stability Signup and view all the answers

Why do countries form regional associations? (Select all that apply)

To protect their independence Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between 'Regionalization' and 'Regionalism'?

Regionalization focuses on economic flows, while Regionalism is a political process. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of 'New Regionalism'?

Exclusively promotes economic integration Signup and view all the answers

Why are international organizations, specifically the UN, considered precarious?

They lack the authority and power of national governments. Signup and view all the answers

How do small countries often leverage their limited resources to participate in globalization?

By becoming financial and banking hubs. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the prevalence of 'Regionalism'?

The increasing complexity of economic and political globalization. Signup and view all the answers

What is the key takeaway regarding the future of regionalism?

Regionalism will likely face significant challenges and uncertainty. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main objective of the Washington Consensus?

To promote free market principles and minimize government intervention. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Washington Consensus?

Increased government intervention in the economy. Signup and view all the answers

How did the Washington Consensus influence developing countries?

It pressured them to reduce tariffs and open their economies to foreign competition. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the Washington Consensus and the World Trade Organization (WTO)?

The Washington Consensus laid the foundation for the establishment of the WTO. Signup and view all the answers

What effect did the Washington Consensus have on certain industries, according to the text?

It resulted in the decline of some industries due to increased global competition. Signup and view all the answers

What is a Mortgage-Backed Security (MBS) and how does it relate to the Global Financial Crisis?

A financial instrument that pools together several mortgages, and its instability played a role in the Global Financial Crisis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the central argument regarding economic globalization today?

It is a process that has primarily benefited developed countries at the expense of developing nations. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of trade imbalances between developed and developing countries?

Protectionist measures from developed countries that limit imports from developing nations. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Introduction

Course title: The Contemporary World
Course unit: I
Authors: Lisandro E. Claudio and Patricio N. Abinales
Year: 2018

Lesson I: Globalization

Globalization, as described by Manfred Steger, is the expansion and intensification of social relations and consciousness across world-time and world-space.
It's viewed as an "economic process".
It involves the integration of national markets into a wider global market, marked by increased free trade.
Expansion refers to the creation of new social networks and the multiplication of existing connections that transcend traditional political, economic, cultural, and geographical boundaries.
Intensification refers to the expansion, stretching, and acceleration of networks.
Globalization relates to how people perceive time and space.
Globalization isn't solely a material process; it also encompasses the subjective plane of human consciousness.

Globalization and Globalism

Globalization represents various interconnected processes, while globalism is a widespread belief that global economic integration is beneficial for all, spreading freedom and democracy.

Global Experiences

Globalization is a multifaceted phenomenon occurring at various levels.
Its effects are uneven, impacting different populations differently.

Multiple Globalization

Arjun Appadurai's concept of scapes describes different aspects of globalization, including ethnoscapes (global movement of people), mediascapes (flow of culture), technoscapes (circulation of mechanical goods and software), financescapes (global circulation of money), and ideoscapes (realm of political ideas).

Lesson II: The Globalization of World Economics

The IMF views economic globalization as a historical process of human innovation and technological advancements.
It's characterized by the increasing integration of economies across the globe through the movement of goods, services, and capital across borders.
These changes are fueled by people, organizations, institutions, and technologies.
High-frequency trading, facilitated by advanced supercomputers, enables rapid stock transactions across different cities.

International Trading Systems

Silk Road (130 BCE-1453 CE): A significant international trade route connecting China, the Middle East, and Europe.
Galleon Trade (1571): Connected Manila (Philippines) and Acapulco (Mexico), establishing a direct link between the Americas and Asia.
Mercantilism (16th-18th century): European countries competed to boost their economies through increased sales of goods.
Open Trade System (1867): Established a common basis for currency prices and a fixed exchange rate system, tied to the value of gold.

The Great Depression (1920s-1930s)

The Great Depression was the worst and most prolonged recession in the Western world.
Economic arguments suggest it was primarily caused by the gold standard, limiting the money supply and consumer demand.
Economic historians argue that the US recovery began when it abandoned the gold standard, enabling increased government spending.

The Gold Standard (1970s)

Until the 1970s, gold standards, in various forms, were used as a global form of currency underpinning trade.

Fiat Currencies (Present)

Modern currencies are not backed by precious metals and their values depend on relative costs compared to different countries and their goods and services.

Fiat Currency

Governments can use monetary policies (interest rate, investment, and trade), and fiscal policies (taxes) to increase or decrease the supply of money to manage the economy.

GNP and GDP

GDP is the value of a nation's finished domestic goods and services during a specific time.
GNP is the value of a country's domestically produced plus internationally owned goods and services.

The Bretton Woods System

A network of global financial institutions was created to promote economic interdependence and prosperity.
John Maynard Keynes believed that economic crises occur when money is not being spent, not when there is a shortage.
Two key institutions included the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD, or World Bank), funding post-war reconstruction, and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), acting as a global lender of last resort to stabilize countries during financial struggles.

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) (1947)

GATT aimed to reduce tariffs and obstacles to free trade among countries.
Countries committed to more global economic integration.

Neoliberalism and its Discontents

Neoliberalism is a new framework in economic thinking that became the strategy for the United States, World Bank, IMF, and eventually WTO.

World Trade Organization (WTO) (1995)

A successor to GATT, continuing its tariff reduction policies.
Policies are collectively known as the Washington Consensus.

Washington Consensus

Advocation of minimal government spending and privatization of government-controlled services.
Aiming to promote free market practices for best results.
Pressure on developing countries for tariff reductions and economic liberalization.
Shock Therapy - an approach that accepts short-term pain for long-term economic benefit.

The Global Financial Crisis and the Challenge to Neoliberalism

Mortgage-backed securities (MBSs) were created to mitigate associated lending risks.
A single MBS encompassed multiple mortgages, assuming a steady repayment rate.

Economic Globalization Today

Globalization remains uneven, benefitting some countries, corporations, and individuals more significantly than others.
Developed nations frequently employ protectionist policies to shield domestic industries from foreign competition.
Imbalances in trade often characterize relationships between developed and developing countries.

Surplus/ Deficit

Data including China's large trade surplus and the Philippines' trade deficit is notable.

Race to the Bottom

Countries sometimes lower labor standards or relax environmental controls to lure foreign investment, often at the expense of worker rights and environmental protection.

International Economic Integration

International economic integration is central to globalization, yet, it's essential to recognize that globalization, in itself, is not uniformly beneficial.

International Relations, Internationalization, and the Attributes of Today's Global System

International relations encompass interactions between individual states, internal politics, and diplomatic engagements.
Internationalization refers to the growing interconnectedness and interdependence between states.
The attributes of today's global system include independent states, diplomacy for interaction, international organizations (like the United Nations), and international organizations' independent role.

Nation, State, and Country

The terms nation, state, and country aren't interchangeable.
A nation refers to people sharing a common identity (culture, religion, language), while a state is a political entity with a defined territory, governing structure, and sovereignty.

The Interstate System

The Treaty of Westphalia (1648) established the basis for the modern interstate system, establishing the concept of state sovereignty.
Napoleon's attempt to gain greater power across Europe led to challenges against the Treaty system.

The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815)

Napoleon's rise and the establishment of an alliance across Europe aimed at preserving pre-Revolution hierarchies in response to the French Revolution.

Internationalism and the Thinkers

Internationalism advocates for enhanced cooperation among sovereign states.
Key thinkers like Immanuel Kant, Jeremy Bentham, Giuseppe Mazzini, Woodrow Wilson, and Karl Marx contributed diverse perspectives on this concept.
Key ideas include global governance, self-determination, and universal principles of fairness (utilitarianism).

Socialist Internationalism

A union of European socialist and labor parties formed in Paris (1889)
Aimed for international cooperation for better equality.

The Russian Revolution (1917)

Marked the overthrow of Tsar Nicholas II, replaced by a communist government under Vladimir Lenin.

Communist International (Comintern)

A global organization established by Vladimir Lenin to promote communist revolutions worldwide.

Challenges to the United Nations

The UN faces challenges in maintaining security and ensuring cooperation among member states.

International Organizations: UN, IBRD/World Bank, IMF, WTO, and NGOs

A range of international organizations play important roles in global governance.

United Nations (UN)

The UN is the most prominent of international bodies, a prominent, but not globally powerful, institution
Five principal organs are recognized: General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, International Court of Justice, and the Secretariat.

General Assembly (GA)

The most important policy making and representative organ
A Filipino Diplomat was elected President of the GA in the early years of the UN (1949-1950)

Essential organs of the UN with specific functions in maintaining international peace and security, coordinating economic policies, resolving legal disputes, and providing administrative support.

Regionalism and Regionalization

Regionalism signifies the concentration of economic activities within a geographical region.
Regionalization is driven by a combination of political and economic factors.

Countries

Countries respond to globalization in different economic and political ways.
Large countries use their resources to influence global interactions.
Smaller countries focus on their specific strengths within the global arena.
Regional associations or unions can be created to achieve political or economic goals.

Reasons for Regional Associations

Countries form regional associations for various reasons, including military defense, resource pooling, protection of independence, and responses to economic crises.

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Description

Test your knowledge on globalization concepts as introduced by Manfred Steger and key aspects of international relations, including the role of the UN. This quiz covers crucial definitions, relations between time and space, and the functions of various UN organs. Perfect for students of global studies or international relations.