Globalization and Higher Education Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What aspect of globalisation is most significantly driven by communication and information processes?

  • The unprecedented levels of foreign direct investment.
  • The cross-border mobility of production.
  • The formation of worldwide financial markets.
  • The convergence of economic and cultural changes. (correct)

What is a key dividing line in shaping power relations within globalization?

  • Access to financial resources and investments.
  • Inclusion or exclusion in ICT networks and knowledge. (correct)
  • The level of cross-border mobility and travel.
  • Cultural heritage and diverse artistic expression.

What role do higher education institutions play in the global environment, according to the text?

  • They mainly operate as isolated entities with no global impact.
  • They are foundational to knowledge and cross-border association. (correct)
  • They primarily act as passive recipients of globalization.
  • They participate only in local economies, not global networks.

What is the primary function of continuously extending ICT networks within globalization?

<p>To establish new forms of human association. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the interconnectedness of research universities in the global landscape?

<p>They are strongly linked within and between global cities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of 'globalisation' as presented in the text?

<p>A process combining economic and cultural changes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Marshall McLuhan (1964) predict, as referenced in the text, regarding globalization?

<p>A single world community resulting from global communication systems. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text suggests that higher education is both an object and an agent of globalization. What does this mean?

<p>Higher education is influenced by globalization and, at the same time, helps shape its course significantly. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of some non-profit institutions regarding their operational structure?

<p>They differentiate between a publicly regulated segment locally and a commercial segment internationally. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary site of economic activity?

<p>The nation-state (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated percentage of production that is considered 'nation-bound'?

<p>Approximately 80% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a common trend among most governments regarding higher education?

<p>They are increasing their national policy interest in the sector. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary concern for policy makers regarding higher education?

<p>To make higher education more globally competitive and beneficial for national development. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do governments indirectly influence the cross-border dealings of institutions?

<p>Through resource allocation and incentives, as well as communication frameworks. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about the degree of separation of institutions from their national locations?

<p>The degree of separation should not be overstated. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'relativisation' in the context of globalisation's impact on nations and higher education?

<p>The referencing of nations and higher education institutions to informal global standards and measures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to recent European studies, what is the status of national policy-making in higher education?

<p>It continues to be autonomous and viable. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism through which global relativisation of higher education is facilitated?

<p>Strict national regulations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do global university rankings play in the process of global relativisation?

<p>They center relativisation at the institutional level, prompting global comparison. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are governments and the public complicit in the modeling of higher education as a global competition?

<p>By getting fascinated with the comparative global performance of national institutions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way has the networked world contributed to shifts in the control of higher education?

<p>Cross border relationships between universities have moved outside of national regulation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does the new public management have on the evolution of higher education institutions?

<p>It encourages more autonomous evolution of institutions through corporatisation and devolution. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which types of institutions typically possess the most global autonomy?

<p>Research-intensive universities and private institutions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are nation-states limited in their capacity to fully comprehend cross-border linkages of higher education institutions?

<p>Because institutions are now operating more autonomously across borders. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily influences how nations and institutions are initially 'positioned' within the global higher education landscape?

<p>Their inherent characteristics like geography, history, economy, and education systems. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'position-taking' refer to in the context of global higher education?

<p>The proactive moves that nations and institutions make to enhance their global standing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best demonstrates a 'position-taking' move by a nation with a strong research base?

<p>Developing itself as a major provider of international doctoral education. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the global setting allows for more open possibilities than the national setting?

<p>The potential for second level institutions to establish new global roles. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of how the global environment can destabilize established national hierarchies in higher education?

<p>When second-tier institutions gain global recognition, elevating their domestic standing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the content, what is a key advantage for English-language nations within the global higher education landscape?

<p>They can readily establish an education export industry. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In comparison to national settings, how are outcomes determined in the global higher education environment?

<p>Outcomes are less determined, with more open possibilities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should nations and institutions in the international landscape do in the short term?

<p>Operate under the limitations of present resources and conditions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nation allocated the highest percentage of its GDP to tertiary education from private sources?

<p>Korea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which country has the largest number of research personnel?

<p>United States (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Among the listed nations, which has the smallest ratio of research degree graduates to total population?

<p>Mexico (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which country has the highest broadband internet penetration per 100 persons?

<p>Korea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following countries has a gross national income (GNI) per head that is closest to the average of the listed countries?

<p>France (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which country has the highest percentage of tertiary students studying abroad relative to total students?

<p>Germany (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which country has the highest PISA maths score?

<p>Korea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nation spends the least on tertiary education from public sources, as a percentage of GDP?

<p>Japan (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided document, which of the following is NOT a European country where English is widely used?

<p>Germany (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of ERASMUS teachers and coordinators from non-English-speaking countries spoke English according to the survey mentioned?

<p>Approximately 90% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is presented as a potential benefit of using English as a second language?

<p>It avoids the cultural lacunae while providing a common global language. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these languages is NOT spoken by more than 200 million people?

<p>German (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest might happen if China develops Putonghua for scientific research?

<p>It will become globally significant language. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the document, what is a trend observed with the development of English in Asian nations?

<p>Distinctive “Englishes” are emerging, inflected by local language and culture. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following language pairs are spoken by more than half a billion people?

<p>Hindi/Urdu (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides English, which other language is noted as being spoken by approximately one billion people?

<p>Putonghua (Mandarin Chinese) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Global Relativisation

The process by which the importance of national boundaries and systems in higher education diminishes as institutions increasingly operate on a global scale.

Global Standards

The recognition or comparison of higher education institutions based on international standards and measures.

Convergence and Harmonisation

The trend of international benchmarking, recognition, and quality assurance processes in higher education.

Cross-Border Comparison

The competition between national institutions for international students and resources.

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Global University Rankings

The use of global performance metrics and rankings to evaluate universities.

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Global Competition Model

The shift in emphasis from national contexts to global competitiveness in higher education.

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Global Autonomy

The ability of institutions to operate independently across national borders.

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Transformative Implications

The impact of globalization on the relationship between institutions and governments.

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What is globalisation?

Globalisation refers to the interconnectedness of nations and economies through trade, finance, technology, and cultural exchange.

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Globalisation in higher education

Globalisation in higher education involves the international movement of students, faculty, research, and educational programs, leading to a more interconnected academic world.

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How does globalisation affect higher education?

Globalisation impacts higher education by creating new opportunities for collaboration, research, and student mobility, but also raises challenges related to quality assurance, access, and equity.

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How are universities connected by globalisation?

The globalisation of higher education means that universities are increasingly interconnected through research collaborations, student exchange programs, and the spread of knowledge and ideas.

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Economic impact of globalisation

Globalisation has led to the formation of worldwide markets, increased foreign investment, and a surge in cross-border mobility of goods and services.

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Cultural impact of globalisation

Globalisation has resulted in the development of global communication networks, including the internet, which has connected people across borders and facilitated the rapid exchange of information and ideas.

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Social impact of globalisation

Globalisation has led to the creation of a single global community, where people from different cultures and backgrounds are interconnected through communication, travel, and shared experiences.

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Challenges and opportunities of globalisation in higher education

Globalisation presents both opportunities and challenges for higher education. While it opens doors to international collaboration and knowledge exchange, it also raises concerns about quality assurance, access, and equity.

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Nation Still Matters

The concept that despite globalization and internationalization, nations remain significant actors in higher education, shaping policies and providing resources.

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Partial Disembedding

The process where institutions become less dependent on their national context, as seen in their global operations.

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National Embeddedness

The majority of higher education institutions remain tied to their national governments for legitimacy and funding.

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Nation-bound Production

The idea that most economic activity happens within national boundaries, limiting the immediate impact of global trends.

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Government's Role in Higher Education

Governments play a vital role in shaping higher education, setting policies, and allocating resources.

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Knowledge-Driven Global Competition

The emphasis on knowledge in global competition drives nations to invest in higher education.

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Growing Role of Private Sector

While national governments remain significant, private institutions are increasingly involved in higher education.

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National Control of Cross-Border Relations

National authorities often control cross-border collaborations of institutions, potentially hindering their global responsiveness.

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Positioning in Global Higher Education

Nations and institutions are positioned based on their inherited factors like geography, history, economy, politics, and culture, including their education and research systems.

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Position-Taking in Global Higher Education

Nations and institutions can choose their strategic moves within the global higher education landscape based on their positioning.

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Strategic Positioning Examples

Nations with strong research capabilities are well-positioned to become providers of international doctoral education, while nations with strong vocational institutions can play an international role in industry training.

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Augmenting Global Capacity

Nations can actively develop their global higher education capacity over time through strategic efforts.

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Making Do with What You Have

Nations and institutions must utilize their existing resources and strengths to engage in the global higher education landscape.

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Openness of the Global Setting

The global landscape offers more flexibility and less stability compared to national settings.

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Global Role for Second-Tier Institutions

Second-tier institutions in a nation can build a new global role through international collaborations and production.

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Leveraging Global Role for National Standing

By engaging globally, institutions can improve their standing within their own countries of origin.

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Percentage of GDP on Tertiary Education

The amount of money spent on tertiary education institutions in a nation as a proportion of the nation's total Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

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Gross National Product (GNP) in PPP

A measure of a country's economic output adjusted for purchasing power, accounting for differences in price levels.

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Gross National Income (GNI) per Head in PPP

A measure of productivity in a nation's population, reflecting the average income per capita.

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Ratio of Research Degrees to Total Population

A measure of the relative strength of a nation's research output compared to its population size.

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Foreign Tertiary Students as % of Students

A measure of how many students a nation sends overseas to pursue their higher education.

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Broadband Internet Users per 100 Persons

A measure of the prevalence of internet connectivity in a nation, expressed as the number of internet users per 100 people.

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Tertiary Students Abroad as % of Tertiary Students

A measure of a nation's participation in the international exchange of knowledge and ideas, reflecting the percentage of tertiary students from outside the nation.

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Total Research Persons

A measure of a nation's scientific and technological capabilities, reflecting the number of research publications per person.

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English as a Global Language

A term referring to the use of English as a shared language for communication and understanding across national and cultural boundaries. This can be seen in academic settings, research, and international collaborations, promoting easier communication and knowledge exchange.

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Englishes

The phenomenon where English is adopted and adapted by different cultures and regions, resulting in variations in language, accent, and vocabulary. Examples include 'Singlish' in Singapore and 'Indian English'.

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English as a Second Language (ESL)

A language commonly used as a secondary language in academic settings, especially in non-English-speaking countries.

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English as a Medium of Instruction (EMI)

The use of English as the primary language of instruction and/or examination in higher education, typically seen in universities and institutions.

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English in Scientific Research

The trend of English becoming more widely used as a language for research and academic communication, particularly in the sciences.

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Challenge to English Dominance

The idea that the dominance of English in the academic world might not last forever, with other languages potentially gaining prominence.

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Regional Linguistic Influence

The potential for regional languages and language families to become more prominent in certain areas of the world, influencing academic and cultural spheres.

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Language Specialization

A potential future scenario where English remains dominant in scientific fields, while other languages gain prominence in fields like social sciences and humanities.

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Study Notes

OECD Education Working Papers No. 8

  • This paper examines globalization and higher education
  • Focuses on the impact of globalization on national higher education policies and individual institutions
  • Detailed global responses of national systems and individual higher education institutions to globalization are explored
  • The paper analyses Europeanisation, institutional rankings, typologies, and cross-border mobility
  • Includes an abstract and a summary in English and French

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