Globalization and Free Markets

Study Notes

Globalization is the process of making the world economy more interconnected. It's characterized by extending transnational economic processes and increasing interdependence among countries.
It’s a dynamic process of global economic integration, involving increased freedom in the movement of labor, goods, services, technology, and capital. Examples like the Silk Road demonstrate the long history of global trade.
Globalization was already present during the colonization era, with trade monopolization being a key characteristic.
The golden age of globalization was marked by the transport revolution—specifically steamships and railroads—that facilitated increased trade and integration.
A fundamental principle of modern state capitalism is that costs and risks are socialized, while profit remains privatized.

Greater innovation, due to competition, leads companies to develop better products at lower costs.
Greater economic growth results from economies of scale and free trade boosting production and employment; examples such as the US export supporting millions of jobs illustrate this.
Greater economic freedoms incentivize stakeholders like entrepreneurs, investors, and financiers to participate in and promote economic growth.

Globalization can reduce poverty, but not all nations benefit equally.
It can lead to marginalization in some communities.
The Industrial Revolution intensified international relations and accelerated development, but other parts of the world may not have kept pace, potentially leading to de-industrialization.
Colonialism and imperialism are often cited as factors contributing to unequal development patterns in the modern world.

Scenario A: Converting agricultural land into real estate and subdivisions to attract foreign investors.
Scenario B: Purchasing a shirt online from a business abroad (London)
Scenario C: Importing rice to alleviate an economic crisis, pressured by the current economic crisis
Scenario D: A multinational corporation closing, forcing employees to relocate for potential employment opportunities.
Scenario E: The global financial crisis impacting investment funds used for retirement.

Pros: increased economic growth, lower government spending, technology transfer.
Cons: increased job outsourcing, poor working conditions, degradation of natural resources.