Globalization and Conflict: An Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is a significant challenge in regulating the waste trade?

  • Lack of clear, uniform definitions of waste (correct)
  • High costs of recycling technologies
  • Overabundance of waste reduction policies
  • Surplus of international cooperation agreements

    • How did Trafigura's actions reflect the challenges of accountability in international waste management?

  • They openly collaborated with local communities on waste management.
  • They faced lawsuits but were not held accountable due to international agreements. (correct)
  • They successfully imported waste without repercussions.
  • They were praised for promoting sustainable waste practices.

    • What is a consequence of the informal settlements near waste dumps, such as in Oaxaca, Mexico?

  • Heightened community involvement and empowerment.
  • Reduction in the population living near waste sites.
  • Negotiations that led to resource improvements for residents. (correct)
  • Complete access to city services and infrastructure.

    • What term is used to describe the displacement of informal settlements in Delhi due to pollution concerns?

    <p>Green eviction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary focus of 'bourgeois environmentalism' as observed in Delhi?

    <p>Creating an aesthetically pleasing urban environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a primary outcome of the neoliberalism trend after independence?

    <p>Economic liberalization and privatization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does unpaid domestic work impact women compared to men?

    <p>It limits women's mobility and keeps them at home</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main activities focused on in advocating for women's rights?

    <p>Advocacy and alliances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the IPCC primarily focus on?

    <p>Research on climate change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a responsibility of UNFCCC?

    <p>Conduct international military interventions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What misconception about informal economies is stated?

    <p>They overlap with formal economies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In context of women's independence, what does the statistic '1 in 6 women does not have capacity to be independent' refer to?

    <p>Economic independence in the Netherlands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does COP (Conference of the Parties) play?

    <p>It serves as a governing body for the UNFCCC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does REDD+ aim to reduce?

    <p>Emissions from deforestation and forest degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was added to the REDD+ framework during COP13 in Bali?

    <p>Enhancement of forest carbon stocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does REDD+ have on biodiversity?

    <p>It poses a risk of monoculture, which reduces biodiversity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Paris Agreement recognize REDD+ as?

    <p>A significant means to address climate change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of market imposes limits on emissions for agents?

    <p>Compliance markets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major concern does REDD+ raise regarding local communities?

    <p>Exclusion of local people from decision-making</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do Cancun safeguards focus on?

    <p>Social standards and environmental protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential outcome of increasing REDD+ areas?

    <p>Clearing native biodiversity for plantations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the interactions between nations characterized by coercive practices?

    <p>Imperial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which instruments of power are highlighted in the context of globalization?

    <p>Military and economic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one effect of globalization on national governance?

    <p>Shift in state power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best captures the primary focus of the Truman's Point Four program?

    <p>Growth and improvement of underdeveloped areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterized the crisis of development in the 1980s?

    <p>Debt crisis and structural adjustment programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mode of interaction is associated with dominion over another entity?

    <p>Coercive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How has globalization impacted traditional notions of sovereignty?

    <p>It has destabilized the political community.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a main criticism of development assistance provided by international organizations?

    <p>It often creates dependency in recipient nations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary concern related to REDD+ programs?

    <p>Displacement of emissions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines indigenous peoples?

    <p>Communities with distinct social, political, or economic systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key theme is emphasized in historical ecology?

    <p>Human beings have had a significant impact on natural environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the potential social risks of implementing REDD+ programs?

    <p>Land conflicts arising from contracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following safeguards is important for REDD+ programs?

    <p>Environmental and social safeguards for non-carbon goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cultural perspectives differ between the Western world and Amazonian contexts regarding nature?

    <p>Amazonian perspectives recognize many natures and bodies within one culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one major obstacle to implementing successful REDD+ projects?

    <p>Community fragmentation and division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the term 'conflict' as per the general understanding?

    <p>A prolonged or serious disagreement or struggle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Globalization and Conflict

    • Globalization is characterized by patterns of high extensity, high intensity, and high velocity
    • The world has experienced various modes of interaction throughout history - imperial, coercive, cooperative, competitive, and conflictual
    • The instruments of power are primarily military and economic.
    • Globalization has disrupted national sovereignty, political space and the democratic political community
    • Globalization has caused state power and political authority to shift
    • The actual capacity to rule has changed due to circumscribed territories and sovereignty.

    Understanding Development

    • Development became central to different currents of social thought after World War II
    • Truman's Point Four program in 1949 aimed to make the benefits of scientific advances and industrial progress available to underdeveloped areas
    • The international system focused on providing foreign aid, development assistance, and development cooperation
    • International organizations (UN, World Bank, IMF) and bilateral government agencies played significant roles
    • Development assistance was focused on reconstruction, take-off, and growth

    The Crisis in Development

    • The 1980s saw a debt crisis and the implementation of structural adjustment programs
    • The late 1980s and 1990s witnessed various crises, such as the Bomako convention in 1991 for African countries
    • The idea and understanding of development itself came under increasing scrutiny

    Difficulties in Waste Trade

    • Lack of clear and uniform definitions of waste contributes to challenges in waste management
    • Lack of punishment and international coordination hinder efforts to monitor waste flows
    • Illegal waste shipments remain a significant problem
    • Countries like the Netherlands resort to waste-burning for energy production
    • The EU faces the challenge of managing E-waste within its borders

    Agbogbloshie: Africa's E-Waste Site

    • Agbogbloshie in Ghana serves as the world's largest e-waste site
    • It highlights the cyclical nature of production and disposal
    • The case of Trafigura, a UK oil company, illustrates the complex challenges of environmental pollution and corporate accountability
    • Lawsuits related to environmental damages have mixed outcomes, with some successful cases and others less so

    Waste as Political Leverage

    • Communities living near waste dumps are often marginalized groups
    • Waste dumps can provide resources for building housing and other infrastructure
    • The case of Oaxaca, Mexico, demonstrates how communities can leverage pollution to negotiate for better living conditions
    • The example of Delhi, India, illustrates how environmental concerns can be used to justify the displacement of marginalized communities
    • Environmental discourse can be used to maintain social hierarchies and reinforce the image of "civilized" cities, often at the expense of the welfare of human communities and ecosystems
    • The transition from colonialism to neoliberalism has impacted the informal economy, leading to increased privatization and the rise of powerful capitalist states
    • Women often bear the burden of unpaid domestic work, further entrenching gender inequality

    Working Together for Change

    • Organizing women for collective action and cooperative solutions is crucial
    • Capacity building and asset building empower women
    • Advocacy and alliances are essential to addressing gender inequalities

    Informal Economies: Overlapping Spheres

    • Informal and formal economies intertwine, with individuals often engaged in both sectors
    • The informal economy is rooted in the historical legacy of colonialism and capitalism
    • Informal economies are not synonymous with criminality
    • Inequalities in work are influenced by power relations
    • Individuals possess agency within the broader structures that shape their lives

    Global Climate Politics (I)

    • The IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) provides scientific research on climate change
    • The UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) aims to address climate change and develop policy
    • Other actors, including governmental actors, NGOs, and businesses, play crucial roles in addressing climate change
    • The UNFCCC requires countries to update their national climate change mitigation and adaptation programs, participate in climate research, and compile greenhouse gas emission inventories
    • COP (Conference of the Parties) serves as the governing body of the UNFCCC

    REDD+: Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation

    • REDD+ aims to reduce emissions from deforestation, forest degradation, sustainable management of forests, and enhancement of forest carbon stocks
    • REDD+ was developed under the UNFCCC
    • Forests are essential for the economy, livelihoods, and climate
    • Forests play a vital role in storing carbon and mitigating climate change
    • Deforestation accounts for a significant portion of global carbon emissions

    Global REDD+ Developments

    • Cancun Safeguards were established in 2010 to promote non-carbon goals and address environmental and social concerns
    • The Warsaw Framework for REDD+ in 2013 provides guidance for REDD+ implementation
    • National REDD+ strategies include addressing deforestation drivers, national forest monitoring systems, and the Cancun safeguards
    • Criteria have been defined for payment for emission reduction
    • The Paris Agreement acknowledges the importance of REDD+ and establishes financing mechanisms to incentivize its implementation

    Carbon Crediting

    • REDD+ is a market-based mechanism utilizing carbon crediting
    • Carbon credits allow entities to generate, sell, or buy credits to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
    • There are two main types of carbon markets: compliance markets (regulated by governments) and voluntary markets (where companies and other entities voluntarily purchase carbon credits)

    Impacts of REDD+

    • Institutional impact: recentralization of forest management, empowering state agents, and potentially excluding local communities
    • Environmental impact potential for biodiversity loss due to monoculture and clearing of original biodiversity
    • Socio-cultural impact: potential loss of traditional knowledge and practices
    • Livelihood impact: potential challenges for farmers who utilize agroforestry practices

    Safeguards in REDD+

    • Safeguards are intended to address non-carbon goals and promote equity and justice
    • They emphasize respecting the knowledge and rights of indigenous and local communities, incorporating relevant conventions and treaties
    • Safeguards ensure full and effective participation of stakeholders and ensure compatibility with the conservation of natural forests and biodiversity
    • Safeguards are designed to minimize risks, reduce emission displacement, and address issues of displacement.

    Indigenous Peoples and REDD+

    • Indigenous peoples represent historical communities with pre-colonial or pre-settler societies
    • They have distinct social, economic, and political systems, languages, cultures, and ontologies
    • They often occupy non-dominant positions in society
    • They maintain strong ties to territories and natural resources
    • Indigenous identity is often self-identified and recognized by the community
    • Indigenous cultures have complex relationships with nature, often embodying a holistic perspective that differs from Western environmental views.

    Amazonian Perspectivism and REDD+

    • The Western world often perceives nature as separate from culture, advocating for one nature and many cultures.
    • In contrast, Amazonian communities often view the world as comprising many natures and many bodies, ultimately encompassing a single culture.
    • This nuanced understanding impacts how REDD+ projects are implemented and how local communities engage with them.

    Implementing REDD+: Challenges

    • Consumers' reluctance to change their lifestyles hinders effective climate action.
    • REDD+ projects can contribute to dividing communities
    • Land conflicts can arise due to discrepancies in cultural understanding, language barriers (such as contracts in English), and power dynamics.

    Global Health and Conflict: A Global Perspective

    • Conflict is defined as a serious disagreement or argument, a prolonged armed struggle, or a state of mental tension stemming from conflicting feelings or needs.
    • Conflict can be a defining characteristic of globalization
    • It's important to understand the intersections between conflict, violence, and gender in a globalized world.
    • The consequences of conflict on heath are significant and require a multi-faceted approach to address.
    • It's critical to consider how globalization can exacerbate existing tensions and conflicts, which often have disproportionate impacts on vulnerable groups.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the concepts of globalization and its impact on conflict and development. It examines historical patterns of interaction, shifts in state power, and the implications of globalization on national sovereignty and democratic governance. Engage with key concepts and theories that shape our understanding of these critical issues.

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