Global Warming and its Impact on Human Health

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a direct health impact of global warming?

  • Health impacts from heatwaves and altered air quality. (correct)
  • Decline in tourism revenue for coastal communities.
  • Increased energy costs for cooling homes.
  • Increased insurance premiums due to property damage.

Which factor most significantly contributes to the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels?

  • The Earth's natural orbital variations.
  • Release of methane from melting permafrost.
  • Volcanic eruptions releasing stored gases.
  • Burning fossil fuels in homes, factories, and automobiles. (correct)

What describes one way forests help mitigate rising carbon dioxide levels?

  • Forests increase soil erosion, trapping carbon underground.
  • Forests release carbon dioxide during photosynthesis.
  • Forests reflect sunlight, reducing the Earth's temperature.
  • Forests serve as carbon sinks, absorbing atmospheric carbon. (correct)

How does rising global temperatures affect oxygen levels in aquatic ecosystems?

<p>Rising temperatures decrease the solubility of oxygen in water. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adaptation strategy can health sectors implement to address workforce preparedness relative to challenges caused by climate change?

<p>Appropriate workforce training and development. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which outcome is most likely as schistosomiasis spreads due to warming temperatures?

<p>Increased potential transmission in previously unaffected regions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What accurately describes the relationship between climate change and the function of vector organisms?

<p>Increased vector organism density and activity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might milder winters impact public health in temperate countries?

<p>Decreased deaths from influenza. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is vector biology impacted by climate change?

<p>Infectious diseases. (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What accurately reflects carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere due to human action?

<p>Human activities have boosted atmospheric concentrations to levels unseen in over 650,000 years. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What illustrates the potential impact of climate change on global health, as it relates to agriculture?

<p>Projected increase of starving people worldwide, with millions additionally affected. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible signal to indicate global warming?

<p>Altered infectious disease vectors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some key factors that will be affected by changes in climatic conditions?

<p>All of these options are key factors in climatic conditions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What poses a risk in civil wars?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a change that will affect many climate sensitive infectious diseases?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disease is described as a tropical disease caused by infestation with schistosomes?

<p>Schistosomiasis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the function of the human body as it relates to heat?

<p>Exceeded capacity to cope with increased thermal stress and increase deaths. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a health benefit associated with milder winters resulting from global warming?

<p>Potential reduction in deaths from influenza and cardiovascular disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How will malaria shift as a result of global warming?

<p>Malaria will infect 60% of the worlds population. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is at risk of cardiovascular or chronic respiratory disease from thermal increase?

<p>All of these groups are at risk. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor exacerbates the conditions that influence health regarding vector borne illnessess?

<p>All of these options influence health regarding vector borne illnesses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what area will the greater absolute burden of adverse health impact will heat waves be?

<p>General community. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or False: Dengue fever is transmitted by mosquitoes and is marked by fevers, joint and muscle pain and headaches.

<p>True (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where will the absolute burden of adverse health impacts result from heat waves?

<p>Both the general community and heat exposed workplaces will endure adverse effects from heat waves. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When carbon dioxide concentration fall, what happens to oxygen concentration at saturation?

<p>Oxygen concentration at saturation rises 10% with a 3°C decrease. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some diseases that are expected in dengue fever and infections by other arboviruses?

<p>Changes in malaria, schistosomiasis and leishmaniasis are to be expected, as well as in dengue fever and infections by other arboviruses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What results in transferred large amounts of carbon dioxide from lithospheric reservoirs into the atmosphere?

<p>All of these options will transfer amounts of carbon dioxide. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which country has reported dengue cases doubled?

<p>Indonesia. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is carbon dioxide of primary concern?

<p>Human activities have boosted atmospheric concentrations from 280 parts per million (ppm) to 383 ppm. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of adaptive strategy for climate change and health?

<p>Ignoring disease outbreaks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has contributed to rising atmospheric CO2 concentration?

<p>Deforestation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can the health sector do to combat global warming health issues?

<p>The health sector should implement all of these strategies to help combat global warming induced health risks. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does an increase in temperature effect the transmission rate of mosquito borne illnesses?

<p>More efficient transmission of dengue virus from mosquito to human, which increases the transmission rate of mosquito borne illnesses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or False: Forests serve as sinks for recently active carbon.

<p>True (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is schistosomiasis widespread?

<p>Schistosomiasis has spread to rural areas across Africa, Asia, and Latin America. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following contributes to climate change?

<p>Increased Temperature (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aside from the general public who is particularly vulnerable to heat waves?

<p>Construction workers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What indirect consequence does global warming have on the marine food web?

<p>Declining fish stock density due to lower oxygen concentration and impacts of marine food webs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which country has an Aedes aegypti mosquito?

<p>Indonesia. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor increases with temperature to also allow for Salmonella?

<p>Campylobacteriosis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is a direct risk that results from global warming?

<p>Health impacts of heatwaves, extreme weather events, and altered air quality (especially increased concentrations of ground level ozone. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor most directly links climate change to an increased risk of malnutrition in vulnerable populations?

<p>Alterations in crop yields (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the dramatic increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations over the past 650,000 years?

<p>Human industrial and agricultural activities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key component of the greenhouse effect?

<p>Trapping of heat by atmospheric gases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does deforestation contribute to rising atmospheric carbon dioxide levels?

<p>By releasing stored carbon back into the atmosphere (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might milder winters resulting from global warming affect temperate countries?

<p>Reduce deaths from influenza or cardiovascular disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a direct health risk associated with increased concentrations of ground-level ozone due to global warming?

<p>Increased frequency of cardio-respiratory diseases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does exceeding the human body's capacity to cope with increased thermal stress impact public health?

<p>Disease exacerbation and death begin to rise rapidly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which population group is least vulnerable to the effects of thermal increase?

<p>Those Who Are Educated (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How will changes and disruptions to ecological systems, affect human health?

<p>Affecting food yields (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

By approximately how much does oxygen concentration at saturation fall with a 3°C increase in temperature?

<p>Approximately 10% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does global warming have on countries that rely on agriculture?

<p>Agriculture is their main source of income and food (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does climatic conditions have on diseases?

<p>They influence on pathogen maturation and multiplication, (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relevance of El Niño to Malaria?

<p>El Nino reduces malaria transmission. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effects resulting from an increase in temperature, cause more efficient transmission of dengue from mosquito to human?

<p>Shorten viral incubation period in mosquito (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy is an effective way for the health sector to adapt to the impacts of climate change?

<p>Promoting, leading and evaluating adaptive strategies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the role of high income countries in addressing global warming?

<p>Increased financial contributions by high income countries to low income countries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does global warming affect the world's population?

<p>Malaria can affect 45% of the world's population but if global warming continues at the rate that it is progressing, that number could change to be 60% of the world's population (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following measures can the health sector take to address health risks associated with global warming?

<p>Communicate the health risks of global heating (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected impact that global warming will have towards the number of people starving by 2060?

<p>The projected number of starving people worldwide is expected to be 40-300 million people in addition to the 600 million already projected to be starving in 2060 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can result from increased water contamination?

<p>Increased exposure to allergenic pollen and spores from plants such as ragweed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of 'deferred' effects, related to an extreme weather event?

<p>Lingering effects that have consequences such an emotional injury. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does climatic conditions affect vector organisms?

<p>Increases vector maturation and multiplication (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which activity transfers large amounts of carbon dioxide from lithospheric reservoirs into the atmosphere?

<p>Increase deforestation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What measure can the health sector take?

<p>Communicate the risks of global heating (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is particularly vulnerable to adverse health impacts from increased heat waves?

<p>Workers in heat exposed workplaces (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the distribution of vector organisms affected by changes in climatic conditions?

<p>Increase distribution and life cycle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to climate change?

<p>Deforestation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What represents an effect in health by global warming?

<p>Increased burden of diarrheal disease; (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an adaptation strategy for climate change and health?

<p>Heatwave watch schemes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adaptive strategy is useful for climate change and health?

<p>Climate-proofed housing design, and 'cooler' urban layout (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the health sector promote leading?

<p>Promote, lead and evaluate a range of adaptive strategies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is likely to happen with rising temperatures?

<p>Rising temperatures reduce the solubility of gases (such as oxygen) in water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can also be called snail fever?

<p>Schistosomiasis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why will infectious diseases via influence?

<p>Increases pathogen maturation and multiplication, on vector organism density and behaviour (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could also be a result from children during and after a disaster?

<p>Increase anxiety (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adaptive strategy will the health sector take to combat infectious diseases?

<p>Enhanced infectious disease control programs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Increased water contamination contain?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome if global warming continues to rise at an increasing rate?

<p>Malaria can affect 45% of the world's population today but if global warming continues at the rate that it is progressing, that number could change to be 60% of the world's population (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action decreases vector density?

<p>None of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be called a powerful driver?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a powerful driver associated with?

<p>Risks associated with conflicts and environmental refugee flows (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is Global Warming?

The long-term increase in Earth's average surface temperature, primarily due to human activities.

What are Greenhouse Gases?

Gases in the atmosphere that trap heat, such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.

How Do Fossil Fuels Contribute to Global Warming?

Burning fossil fuels releases greenhouse gases, trapping heat and increasing global temperatures.

How Does Deforestation Affect Global Warming?

Deforestation reduces the number of trees, which absorb carbon dioxide, leading to more CO2 in the atmosphere.

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How Does Global Warming Affect Nutrition?

Malnutrition increases due to crop failures and food shortages from changing weather patterns.

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What Extreme Weather Events are Linked to Global Warming?

Global warming can increase the frequency and intensity of heat waves, floods, storms, fires, and droughts.

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Direct Health risks of global warming

Impacts from heatwaves, extreme weather, and poor air quality.

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Who are most vulnerable from Global Warming?

Older people, those with cardiovascular/respiratory diseases, the poor/uneducated/isolated are more vulnerable.

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Indirect health risks of global warming

Changes to ecological systems affecting food yields and water quality.

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How does rising temperature affect fish

Rising temperatures reduce oxygen in water; affecting marine food web.

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How Does Global Warming Impact Food and Water?

Ecological and biophysical disruptions affect food yields & water quality.

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What is Cholera?

Cholera is a parasitic disease that can cause death through dehydration.

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What is Dengue Fever?

Dengue fever is transmitted by mosquitoes and causes fevers, joint and muscle pain, and headaches.

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Malaria Increase with Global Warming?

Malaria epidemics increase with El Niño leading to temperature increase.

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How is dengue transmitted?

Vector is a mosquito that is infected for life with dengue fever.

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Rise in Temp. on Dengue Transmission

Affects incubation, breeding, feeding and transmission efficiencies

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What is Schistosomiasis?

Schistosomiasis impacts kidneys/liver from contaminated water with snails.

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Schistosomiasis transmission

The global temperature increase is a Northwards expansion, from warmer temps.

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Effects of Deferred risk

Rural to Urban Displacements with failing rural communities.

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Health Sector Role?

Communicate risks, collaborate, promote and lead for adaptive strategies.

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Protect Populations?

Health, safety, and financial sectors must assist low income countries/

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What is sustainable?

Need to develop a cultural transformation, into sustainabilty.

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What is CC

Appropriate workforce, public education, awareness and early alert system.

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Global Warming and Malnutrition

Warming climate increases malnutrition risks, affecting child growth and overall development.

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Global Warming Affecting Disease Vectors

An altered range can expose new populations; rising temps promote vector survival/reproduction.

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CO2 Imbalance

Increased CO2 from human activity exceeds natural absorption, leading to warming.

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Fossil Fuels & Carbon Release

Burning fuels releases trapped carbon, overwhelming natural carbon sinks.

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Deforestation Impact on CO2

Cutting forests reduces CO2 absorption, accelerating climate change.

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The Greenhouse Effect

Earth acts like a greenhouse, trapping heat, causing higher temperatures.

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How Does Global Warming effect agriculture.

Rising temp affects yields; it causes small changes in temperature during growing season.

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Global warming and civil conflict

Extreme weather events, resource scarcity will increases the chance of civil conflict.

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Contaminated Water

In addition, warmer temperatures contribute to increased water-borne illnesses.

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Study Notes

Objectives

  • The objective of this material is to address what global warming is, its impacts on the economy and health, its causes, and possible adaptations.
  • The material also includes a break and an activity.

Health effect of global warming

  • Global warming increases malnutrition.
  • Heat waves, floods, storms, fires, and droughts have resulted in deaths, disease, and injury
  • The burden of diarrheal diseases has risen
  • Higher ground-level ozone concentrations has elevated the frequency of cardio-respiratory diseases
  • The changed spatial distribution of some infectious disease vectors

Carbon Dioxide Increase

  • Atmospheric concentrations have been boosted by human activities from 280 parts per million (ppm) to 383 ppm
  • These concentrations have been observed to reach heights that exceed 650,000 years

Reduced deaths

  • There may be fewer deaths from cardiovascular disease or influenza in temperate countries that experience a more mild winter
  • Mosquito populations may recede in areas that become arid

Global warming risks

  • Increased concentrations of ground-level ozone, heatwaves, and extreme weather events have impacted health
  • There is an increased risk of homeostatic failure, disease exacerbation, and rapid death when thermal stress rises
  • Older people, as well as those with chronic respiratory diseases are at more risk

Indirect risk of global warming

  • Both outdoors and indoors, workers in various heat-exposed workplaces, both outdoors and indoors are more vulnerable.
  • Pathogen maturation and growth are the results of changes and disturbances to ecological and biophysical systems.

Human health and agriculture

  • Many countries depend on agricultural as their main economy and income
  • This change could result in more deaths, with the predicted people starving being 40-300 million, on top of the 600 million projected by 2060

Multiplication of pathogens

  • Changes in the environment lead to the influence on pathogen maturation and multiplication

Insect disease

  • Vector organisms undergo changes in distribution because of transmitted pathogens.
  • The incidence of Salmonella typhimurium and Enteritidis rises with temperature
  • Plasmodium falciparum malaria epidemics in Kenya was associated with the 1997-98 El Nino
  • Schistosomiasis and water snail survival zone extending north in eastern China

Dengue increases

  • Temperature increases dengue and causes a shorten in breeding cycle of mosquitoes.
  • Causes a more efficient transmission of the dengue virus to humans.

Schistosomiasis characteristics

  • Widespread infection in Africa, Asia, as well as Latin America
  • It causes damage/destruction to organs, and spread through water and/or parasite snails

Water contamination increase

  • Elevated temperature and rainfall can cause increases in pollen counts and spores from common plants

Health sector roles

  • Promote better health, lead to better outcomes, and evaluate adaptive strategies.
  • Protect health, and safety of vulnerable populations, and better global financial outcomes.

CC and Health

  • Early alert systems for heatwaves, plus better workforce training can alleviate impact.
  • Improve outbreak support, and public education.

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