Global Labor and Migration

Global Labor and Migration

• Migration originates from the Latin word "migrare," meaning to move from one place to another
• Human migration connects to various social issues like labor, demographics, and economic development
• Migrants: people who move

Types of Migration

• International migration involves changing residence beyond national boundaries
• Internal migration involves changing residence within a country's states, provinces, cities, or municipalities
• Forced migration happens when people are compelled to move due to external factors like war or natural disasters

Direction of Movement

• Emigration is leaving a place of residence from the home country's viewpoint
• Immigration is entering a foreign country from the host country's viewpoint
• Transit migration is moving across a country without intending to settle, but to move to another country
• Circular migration involves moving to another country with the intention of returning to the place of origin within a specific timeframe
• Return/Re-migration is returning to the home country to settle after living abroad

Migration Duration

• Temporary migration involves a limited stay in a foreign country
• Permanent migration involves settling in a foreign country permanently
• Undetermined migration has an unspecified duration of stay in a foreign country
• Contract migration's length depends on the employment contract
• Seasonal migration lasts less than a year and repeats over time

Migrant Types

• Emigrants are those who leave their home country to live in a foreign country
• Immigrants are those who enter a foreign country to settle
• Refugees move to a foreign country due to serious risks like war, persecution, and violence

Reasons for Migration

• Economic reasons involve moving for a job opportunity
• Social reasons involve moving to be with loved ones or family
• Political reasons involve moving due to negative political climate or war
• Environmental reasons involve moving due to natural disasters like floods and earthquakes
• Push factors are those that make people leave their home country
• Pull factors encourage people to move toward a host country

Labor

• Laborers use skills to provide services or transform raw materials into goods, receiving wages or a salary
• Unskilled labor doesn't require formal training
• Semi-skilled labor requires education and training
• Skilled labor requires specialized training
• Professional labor needs high levels of education, training, and managerial skills
• Migrant worker: a person who migrates solely for employment

Types of Labor Migration

• Highly Skilled Labor Migration refers to migrants in demand due to education, often in professional fields
• Unskilled Low Wage Labor and Temporary Migration refers to low-skilled workers without high educational qualifications or experience

Impacts of Labor and Migration on Globalization

• Expansion of the Labor Market
• Balance host country demographics, as younger migrants provide services as older generations retire
• Introduction of new skill sets to host country
• Improvement in Social Life and Culture in host country

Connecting Global Networks & Gestalt Theory

• Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Kohler, and Kurt Koffka investigated Gestalt theory
• 'Gestalt' means form or pattern and refers to the brain's ability to form new perceptions
• Gestalt theory states that the unified whole is greater than its component parts
• Globalization sees individuals becoming interconnected, forming a new global entity
• Proximity: Humans group closer elements together
• Similarity: Humans relate to similar colors, sizes, and shapes
• Closure: Humans rationalize ideas by filling in missing parts
• Continuity: Humans perceive whole figures when elements align
• Symmetry/order: Symmetrical elements are perceived as unified

Countries Promoting Labor and Migration

• USA
• CHINA
• UK
• SWITZERLAND
• CANADA
• JAPAN
• GERMANY

Planetary Networks

• Planetary Networks are interconnections between elements and living creatures on and beyond Earth
• Ecosystems are geographic areas where biotic and abiotic features coexist, with each element depending on and affecting the others
• Biodiversity is the variety of life species in an area and supports everything in nature and humans
• Species Richness is the variety of life species

Healthy Planetary Network

• The Earth provides resources for survival
• Natural Resource Management focuses on the sustainable handling of natural resources
• Earth and humanity depend on each other
• Plant biodiversity and humans have a planetary network with medicine
• Planetary network input is used for economy
• Natural resources are raw materials that create goods and services
• Culture is the way of life of a group of people.
• The natural environment shapes the culture of people

Negative Changes & Climate Change

• Global warming is caused by the mismanagement of Earth's networks
• Other effects include endangerment of animals and scarcity of resources
• Sustainable living reduces resource demand
• Climate change is the periodic alteration of Earth's weather patterns and meteorological conditions
• Global temperature is the average temperature over the Earth's surface
• Precipitation is water falling from clouds as rain, snow, sleet, or hail
• Solar activity is disturbances on the sun's surface like solar flares, sunsets, and prominences
• Sea level is the height of the Earth's seas and oceans
• Rising sea levels result from melting polar ice caps
• Volcanic eruptions occur when magma rises and is released

Climate Change Concepts

• The Greenhouse Effect: heat redirects from the sun's radiation
• Global warming is the long-term increase of the planet's temperature
• Climate Change Mitigation are actions to reduce negative environmental effects

Environmental Programs in the Philippines

• Solid Waste Management Program (SWMP) focuses on solid waste management plans with the National Ecology Center of the Philippines
• Enhanced National Greening Program (ENGP) aims to plant tree seedlings on denuded forestlands
• Enhanced Biodiversity Conservation (EBC) aims to restore and rehabilitate biodiversity
• The United Nations is leading in propagating a global understanding of sustainable development
• The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and United Nations Environment set up the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

Addressing Climate Change

• The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was formed in 1992 and stabilizes greenhouse gases
• Kyoto Protocol created by the United Nations in 1997, effective in 2005, reduces greenhouse gas emissions worldwide
• Copenhagen Accord signed in Copenhagen in 2009 where countries pledged to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and committed to reporting their progress
• The Paris Agreement was signed in Paris in 2015 by 196 countries aiming to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and limit global temperature increase
• MDG 7 are goals addressing environmental challenges due to climate change

Responses to Climate Change

• Renewable energy is a mitigation measure
• Efficient energy use is a mitigation measure
• Electrification of industrial processes is a mitigation measure
• Eco-friendly transportation is a mitigation measure
• Biodegradable packaging is a mitigation measure
• Natural landscape restoration is an adaptation measure
• Preventive measures for disasters are an adaptation measure
• Research and development on disaster risk reduction is an adaptation measure
• Building secure facilities and infrastructures is an adaptation measures

Geoengineering & Democracy

• Geoengineering is a large-scale intervention on the planet's landforms, water bodies, and atmosphere
• Stratospheric Particle Injection for Climate Engineering (SPICE) is a project for solar radiation management
• Democracy originates from Greek words, demos means people, and kratos means power or rule
• Basic ideas of democracy include rule of the many, consent of the governed, and inclusiveness

Forms of Democratic Rule

• Representative Democracy: elect people who will act on behalf of constituency
• Direct Democracy: people themselves decide without representative
• Classical Democracy, also known as Athenian democracy, saw male citizens deliberate and vote on issues
• Liberal Democracy strikes a balance between individual rights and general welfare, compatible with the market system, and endorsed by Western countries
• Social Democracy, advocates for freedom, justice, harmony, and solidarity, and welfare state to guarantee individual freedoms
• Radical Democracy, involves deliberation on any issue and applied to all aspects of life

Elements of Democracy

• Competition for power uses elections as a mechanism to allocate power
• Participation in civic and political life includes citizen involvement, civil society, and media
• Respect for individual rights is a universal value
• Rule of law uses impartial laws
• There are various safeguards against whimsical actions
• Democratic participation provides constituents the opportunity to influence public decisions through examples like voting

Benefits of Democratic Participation

• Better Governance promotes closer links between government and people and transparency
• Greater Social Unity promotes better relationships among citizens
• Improved Public Services improves planning programs
• New Opportunities fosters understanding and governments support citizens

Democratic Equality

• Inequality affects the distribution and access to society’s resources
• Racism affects access to opportunities and resources
• Egalitarianism allows citizens to treat each other as equals

Components of Democratic Equality

• Governments should not be affected by status differences
• Distributive Justice ensures citizens are afforded with rights
• Every citizen believes people are equal
• According to UN Human Rights (1992), minorities rights need protecting

Major Concerns of Minorities

• Survival and existence involves safeguarding ancestral lands of minorities; preventing discrimination and hate crimes
• Promoting identity involves preserving and promoting of identity
• Minorities need to be defended and equality; effective minority participation

Harmony in Democracy

• Four spheres in society: social, informational, organizational, and technical
• Harmonious democracy results when the four spheres are balanced

Democracy Participation

• The citizenry is the human capital of the state
• The Informational Sphere provides access to information, allowing citizens to unite
• The organizational sphere includes the political, military, managerial, and legal structure
• The technical sphere includes materials and economic resources
• assess political, social instructions. Political Institutions Organizations, creating rules in politics Social create a set of rule.
• Executive implements and enforces laws, and also handles negotiation

Political & Social Institutions

• The legislative creates amend the constitution
• There are Judicial Systems and they handle disputes
• The military defends the nations
• Parties support
• Trade Unions are workers
• There is Autonomy
• There is Social Institutions Pursue goals

Governance assessments

• Assessment measures based on, accountability
• Public involvement
• Fairness has laws
• Efficiency is non delay
• Technology comes from Greece and they’re Inseparable.
• People have evolved
• Tech are used.
• The Machines activities

Tech and ICT

• ICT Telecommunications system
• Control System used to Control machines
• Communication systems
• Technology, in it, the tech inhibits
• Online databases
• Marketing Capability

ICT Trends of use

• Trends uses AI, is a big, the machine learning, displays.
• A lot use Mobile Applications

Ict trends and devices

• Device usage through the net
• GPS track down
• Cloud Services Software
• ICT EDUCATION for business market

Connections with icts

• Online social networking with videos online
• Networking to know people
• Recruited or hired
• Communication
• Techs CMC

Connection, Relationship and Network

• Status is the social’s position

Roles within the Relationships

• A Primary Group that share a group tie
• Secondary is to be able to do it
• People use clean ways

Neurons of the networks and Social Structures

• Neuronal connections, intelligence can be controlled,
• Billion brains of networks
• Dendrites sensory info
• Machines create new works
• Mimics the human brain
• Labels the supervises
• Helps each other
• Knowledgeable for development