Superpowers
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Questions and Answers

What is the main reason TNCs prioritize patents?

  • To receive government subsidies
  • To control the global market for their product
  • To ensure the quality of their products
  • To protect their unique selling point and secure profits (correct)

    • The Samsung vs. Apple case highlights the importance of ethical principles in the patent system.

    False (B)

    What is the primary reason for the increasing tensions surrounding the Arctic?

    The potential for vast undiscovered gas reserves in the Arctic and conflicting claims to the territory.

    Russia's placement of a flag on the North Pole in 2007 was a symbolic act with limited practical impact.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The annexation of Crimea by Russia led to the imposition of ______ by the EU and USA, which negatively impacted the Russian economy.

    <p>economic sanctions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their respective definitions in the context of developing nations:

    <p>Neo-colonialism = Superpowers exerting economic and political influence on developing countries without direct rule Unfair terms of trade = Developing nations exporting cheap commodities while importing expensive goods from developed countries Brain drain = Highly skilled workers migrating from developing countries to developed nations, hindering economic growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the shifting global economic center of gravity?

    <p>The shift is due to the declining economic influence of the US and the EU while Asian economies are growing significantly. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does foreign direct investment (FDI) from Asian countries potentially contribute to neo-colonial relationships with developing nations?

    <p>Asian countries might provide aid or infrastructure to developing nations but extract resources in return, creating an imbalance of power similar to historical colonial relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Middle East is characterized by a unified political system with shared religious beliefs.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these events contributed to the refugee crisis in the Middle East?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Middle East is home to about _____% of the world's crude oil reserves.

    <p>65</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The EU's economic challenges include high levels of national debt and unemployment.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the major demographic challenges faced by the EU?

    <p>An aging population, with a projected increase in the proportion of citizens over 65.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The EU's political structure is characterized by complete agreement among all member states.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential consequence of the EU's aging population?

    <p>A decline in overall population after 2035 due to low birth rates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these countries is NOT a member of the EU?

    <p>United States (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of a superpower?

    <p>Ability to project global influence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A superpower's cultural influence can include the spread of its values through various media channels.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four pillars of superpower status?

    <p>Economic, Military, Political &amp; Ideology, Cultural</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A superpower can exploit _____ resources like oil and gas to enhance its economic power.

    <p>natural</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each type of power with its description:

    <p>Hard power = Using military force or direct political intervention Soft power = Influencing through cultural values and diplomacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor in establishing superpower status?

    <p>Limited human resources (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Human resources can be an advantage for emerging superpowers if properly utilized.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one current superpower.

    <p>USA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major economic challenge faced by the USA as of 2016?

    <p>High national debt (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The USA's health spending constitutes around 10% of its annual GDP.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geopolitical area is primarily responsible for the EU's energy resources?

    <p>Russia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the future, exploration of ______ may provide countries with natural resources and new energy sources.

    <p>Mars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following countries with their investment in space exploration:

    <p>USA = $17.6 billion EU = $5.5 billion China = $1.3 billion India = $1.1 billion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about demographics in the USA is correct?

    <p>The population is expected to grow to 415 million by 2060. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The recent election of Trump is seen as a continuation of Obama's policies.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major social problem affecting health in the USA?

    <p>Obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which space mission is often considered a significant achievement for the USA during the Space Race?

    <p>Apollo 11 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    China remains strictly a socialist economy with no reforms towards capitalism.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term BRICS refer to?

    <p>Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After the collapse of the USSR, the USA became the global ________ force.

    <p>dominating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following countries with their significant characteristics:

    <p>Brazil = Produces more than 50% of South America's GDP Russia = Permanent member of the UN Security Council India = World's largest democracy China = Major player in global investment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country experienced severe sanctions that weakened its economy?

    <p>Brazil (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Space Race primarily involved direct military confrontations between the USA and USSR.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the G20 economies globally?

    <p>They account for 85% of the world's GDP and trade.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vietnam War involved the USA fighting against groups supported by ________ and the ________.

    <p>China</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following characteristics with the correct emerging economy:

    <p>Brazil = Self-sufficient in food India = Insignificant military presence China = High-speed rail infrastructure Russia = Ageing military fleet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What economic system has been weakening in many countries following the collapse of socialism?

    <p>Socialism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Emerging economies are defined as states with developed economies and a stable government.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country in BRICS has the largest reserves of natural resources and energy security?

    <p>Brazil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The military of ________ is considered significant due to its large number of nuclear weapons, despite its outdated equipment.

    <p>China</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected percentage of the Chinese population that will be over 65 by 2020?

    <p>12% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    India has a very high fertility rate.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the largest film industry in the world outside of Hollywood?

    <p>Bollywood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    China is the world's largest emitter of _____, producing 33% of the world's emissions.

    <p>CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following countries with their population characteristics:

    <p>India = 1.38 billion, young population China = 1.27 billion, aging population Brazil = 210 million, declining future population Russia = 144 million, declining and isolated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country has experienced outward migration of its youth, potentially leading to brain drain?

    <p>India (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pollution is a major problem in both India and China.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major environmental issue has greatly affected the Amazon rainforest?

    <p>Deforestation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The World Trade Organization (WTO) aims to ensure free _____ trade.

    <p>global</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following organizations with their primary function:

    <p>World Bank = Provides loans to developing countries International Monetary Fund (IMF) = Helps countries stabilize their economies World Trade Organization (WTO) = Promotes free global trade World Economic Forum (WEF) = Encourages public-private cooperation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major concern regarding the loans provided by the World Bank and IMF?

    <p>They can lead to unethical projects (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Russia is regarded as having a significant cultural influence globally.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Asian country is noted for having a growing naval and air power?

    <p>China</p> Signup and view all the answers

    India has some of the world's largest and worst urban _____ which have damaged the environment.

    <p>slums</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of world consists of two main superpowers with opposing ideologies?

    <p>Bi-polar world (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The British Empire was known for its peaceful expansion into other territories.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one positive outcome of colonialism.

    <p>Improvement of education and establishment of schools.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neo-colonialism describes the continued __________ of former colonies on more powerful nations.

    <p>dependence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a major consequence of neo-colonialism?

    <p>Dependence on foreign powers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Colonialism always led to the financial benefit of the colonized nations.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary reason for the collapse of many empires in the 20th century?

    <p>Financial bankruptcy due to war expenses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the Cold War, the border between Eastern and Western Europe was known as the __________.

    <p>Iron Curtain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which countries were part of the Warsaw Pact?

    <p>USSR, Poland, Hungary (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Capitalism involves government control of businesses and land.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary economic system of the USSR during the Cold War?

    <p>Communism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following historical events/terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Cold War = Geopolitical tension between USA and USSR Colonialism = Exploitation of territories for resources Neo-colonialism = Dependence of former colonies on developed nations Iron Curtain = Division between Eastern and Western Europe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major development did the British Empire improve to transport goods efficiently?

    <p>Railway lines (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under neo-colonialism, local __________ often struggle to compete with foreign businesses.

    <p>economies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one reason for the rise of anti-colonial movements in the 20th century?

    <p>Desire for independence and self-governance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of TNC is owned by governments?

    <p>State-owned TNCs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The majority of the world’s 500 largest companies are state-owned.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has allowed TNCs to out-compete smaller competitors?

    <p>Economies of scale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The UN Security Council consists of five permanent members: the USA, UK, France, ______, and Russia.

    <p>China</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following protocols with their main focus:

    <p>Montreal Protocol = Protect the ozone layer Kyoto Protocol = Reduce greenhouse gas emissions Paris Agreement = Climate change action Copenhagen Accord = Climate finance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a military alliance formed during the Cold War?

    <p>NATO (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The International Court of Justice is located in The Hague, Netherlands.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one country that has withdrawn from the Paris Agreement.

    <p>USA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ aims to encourage economic cooperation in Southeast Asia.

    <p>ASEAN</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following TNCs with their recognition:

    <p>Coca-Cola = Recognized globally McDonald's = Recognized globally Toyota = Automotive industry leader Samsung = Electronics leader</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the functions of the UN?

    <p>To apply sanctions to security risks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Intellectual Property laws only protect inventions from Western countries.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives the increasing tensions within the European Union?

    <p>Desire for greater integration versus desire to leave (e.g., Brexit)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    NATO stands for North Atlantic ________ Organization.

    <p>Treaty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following TNCs with their types of ownership:

    <p>Coca-Cola = Publicly traded TNC ExxonMobil = Publicly traded TNC Saudi Aramco = State-owned TNC Volkswagen = Publicly traded TNC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the aim of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)?

    <p>To stabilize greenhouse gas emissions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The rise of the middle class will lead to a decrease in resource consumption.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one major consequence of increased urban air quality issues in emerging economies?

    <p>Poor vehicle engines contributing to pollution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By 2030, it is estimated that ___% of places in India will face water scarcity.

    <p>60</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the countries with their commitments or actions regarding emissions:

    <p>USA = Reduced participation in environmental programs China = Committed to emissions peak by 2030 Russia = Agreed to reduce emissions by 30% EU = Focused on wide-scale renewable energy production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor contributes to food insecurity as the middle class rises?

    <p>Increased demand for meat and dairy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Emissions from developed countries are increasing while those from developing countries are decreasing.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the major reasons for rising oil demand expected by 2030?

    <p>Increased consumption due to economic growth in emerging countries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increased tension may arise between nations due to ___ in resource availability.

    <p>scarcity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the spheres of contest with their descriptions:

    <p>Land Ownership = Unclear borders and islands over potential resources Intellectual Property = Challenges in protecting individual ideas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major environmental issue caused by high resource consumption?

    <p>Increased CO2 emissions from transport (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Developed countries have largely outsourced their manufacturing to avoid pollution.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the outcomes of Donald Trump's environmental policies?

    <p>Increased carbon emissions from oil drilling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The goal of renewable energy development by the EU is to reduce ___ emissions.

    <p>carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the environmental challenges with their implications:

    <p>Food security = Rising food prices Water security = Increased drought and famine risk Energy security = Potential electricity blackouts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Mackinder’s Geo-Strategic Location Theory, what is the primary importance of the Heartland?

    <p>It provides vast physical and human resources. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory divides the world into developed and developing nations based solely on geography.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final stage of Rostow’s Modernisation Theory?

    <p>High Mass Consumption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mackinder's theory suggests that controlling the Heartland can lead to greater __________ over global resources.

    <p>influence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following stages of Rostow's Modernisation Theory with their descriptions:

    <p>Traditional Society = Economy based on primary industries with minimal technology Take Off = Rapid industrialization and surge of job opportunities Drive to Maturity = Encouragement of new industries and investment High Mass Consumption = Consumer-driven markets with disposable income</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a criticism of Rostow’s Modernisation Theory?

    <p>It only considers countries' isolated development. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Core regions in Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory typically provide labor for periphery regions.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one country that is often cited as being in the periphery according to Wallerstein’s theory.

    <p>India</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After World War II, NATO aimed to __________ Soviet expansion into Europe.

    <p>contain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Embargo = A government order imposing trade barriers Foreign Direct Investment = Investment made by a company or individual in business operations in another country Soft Power = Influence through attraction rather than coercion Hard Power = Use of military force to influence others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Rostow believe is essential for a country's economic growth in the 'Pre-conditions for Take Off' stage?

    <p>Increased foreign trade (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The concept of the Heartland is considered less significant today due to advances in transportation and technology.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of trade relationships between core and periphery nations?

    <p>Exploitative nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nations may use __________ to damage another country's economy without military force.

    <p>economic sanctions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Wallerstein's theory, what do core nations primarily control?

    <p>Global trade agreements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Superpower

    A nation that can project its influence globally and shape global change.

    Four Pillars of Superpower Status

    Economic, Military, Political & Ideology, and Cultural strengths define a superpower.

    Economic Power

    Control over trade, military funding, and influence via ownership of debt.

    Military Power

    The ability to use military force to influence or control other nations.

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    Political Influence

    Shaping other nations' policies or ideologies to align with one's desires.

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    Cultural Influence

    Spreading cultural values to change perceptions and ideologies of others.

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    Hard Power

    Using military force or political intervention to influence other countries directly.

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    Soft Power

    Influence through attraction and persuasion rather than coercion.

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    China's Population

    China has a population of 1.38 billion, creating a vast labor pool.

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    Declining Birth Rates in Russia

    Russia is experiencing low birth rates leading to a declining population.

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    Aging Population in China

    By 2020, 12% of China's population will be over 65 years old.

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    Outward Migration from India

    Many young Indians migrate abroad, leading to potential brain drain.

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    Bollywood

    Bollywood is the world's largest film industry, producing 1200 films annually.

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    Brazil's Global Reputation

    Brazil is renowned for winning multiple football World Cups.

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    Deforestation in the Amazon

    Significant forest area in the Amazon is cleared for agriculture and commerce.

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    Pollution in India

    India is the third largest emitter of CO2 in the world.

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    World Bank and IMF

    These institutions provide loans to developing countries for growth.

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    WTO's Purpose

    The WTO promotes free global trade and aims to reduce protectionist barriers.

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    Environmental Degradation

    Human activity leads to ecological stress, affecting soil and resources.

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    Military Expansion in Asia

    Potential arms race as China increases its naval and air power.

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    Rising Global Demand

    A 35% increase in food, 40% in water, and 50% in energy demand is expected by 2030.

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    Cultural Influence of China

    China's global cultural influence is limited despite its investments abroad.

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    TNCs and IGOs

    Transnational corporations (TNCs) and international governmental organizations (IGOs) wield significant global power.

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    Mackinder’s Heartland Theory

    A theory identifying a strategically important region in Eurasia, essential for global power.

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    Containment Policy

    Strategies to prevent the expansion of a rival power, notably the Soviets post-WWII.

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    Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory

    Theory explaining global inequality through core and periphery interactions in trade.

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    Core Regions

    Economic powerhouses that control trade and resources on a global scale.

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    Periphery Regions

    Areas that provide resources and labor to core regions, often exploited.

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    Rostow’s Modernisation Theory

    A model outlining five stages of economic growth for nations from traditional to developed.

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    Traditional Society

    The first stage in Rostow’s model, with an economy based on primary industries.

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    Take Off Stage

    A phase of rapid industrialization and job creation in Rostow’s model.

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    Drive to Maturity

    The stage where economies develop new industries and improve living conditions.

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    High Mass Consumption

    The final stage in Rostow’s model, with capitalistic countries focusing on consumer goods.

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    Criticisms of Rostow’s Theory

    Address concerns about its Eurocentrism and neglect of the global effects on development.

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    Globalization Effects

    Global interdependence influencing a country's development beyond its control.

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    Military Action for Influence

    Using military force as a method of gaining or maintaining power globally.

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    Economic Sanctions

    Trade restrictions imposed to damage a nation's economy, often to enforce policy changes.

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    Direct Foreign Investment

    Investment made by a company or individual in one country in business interests in another.

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    EU Energy Insecurity

    Potential shortage of energy resources for EU due to strained Russia relations.

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    USA National Debt 2016

    Total national debt stood at $19 trillion in 2016.

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    USA Military Spending (2012-2014)

    Over $900 billion was spent on military during these years.

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    USA Population Growth

    Population expected to rise from 324 million in 2016 to 415 million by 2060.

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    Political Deadlock in USA

    Frequent stalemates between Democrats and Republicans.

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    Water Insecurity in USA

    Major issue, especially in the Southwest due to drought and illegal aquifer use.

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    Health Spending in USA

    Health care costs about 17% of annual GDP, causing financial strain.

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    Future of Nuclear Weapons

    Governments invest in nuclear weapons for deterrence; attitudes may change.

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    Protectionism

    Economic policy aimed at restricting imports to protect domestic jobs.

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    IPCC

    Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, established to stabilize greenhouse gas emissions.

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    Greenhouse Gas Emissions

    Gases that trap heat in the atmosphere, leading to climate change.

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    Urban Air Quality

    The quality of air in cities, often poor due to pollution.

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    Carbon Footprint

    Total greenhouse gas emissions caused by an individual or organization's actions.

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    Deforestation

    Clearing forests for agriculture or development, impacting the environment.

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    Middle Class Growth

    Increase in affluent population, leading to higher resource consumption.

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    Food Security

    Ensuring all people have access to enough food with variety and nutrition.

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    Water Scarcity

    Insufficient water supply to meet demands in certain regions or countries.

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    Energy Security

    Availability of energy resources to meet a nation's demand without disruption.

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    Resource Security

    Access to essential resources like minerals and metals without shortages.

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    Climate Emissions Controversy

    Debate around emissions reduction responsibilities between developed and developing countries.

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    Climate Change Policies

    Government actions aimed at mitigating or adapting to climate change effects.

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    Intellectual Property Issues

    Challenges in protecting ideas and inventions from duplication or theft.

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    Spheres of Contest

    Areas where countries compete for resources, land, or influence.

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    Publicly Traded TNCs

    Corporations owned by shareholders, typically pension funds and banks.

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    State-Owned TNCs

    Corporations fully or majority-owned by governments.

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    Economies of Scale

    Cost advantages gained by larger production volumes.

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    Impact of Capitalism on TNCs

    Capitalism opens more opportunities for businesses to grow.

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    Cultural Influence of TNCs

    TNCs shape global culture through their products and branding.

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    Intellectual Property Laws

    Laws protecting inventors' rights to their innovations.

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    Patents

    Legal rights to exclude others from using an invention for a period.

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    Copyright

    Legal protection for original artistic works like music and books.

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    Trademarks

    Legal protection for brand names and logos.

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    UN Security Council

    UN body with power to impose sanctions and authorize military actions.

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    International Court of Justice (ICJ)

    Court that settles disputes between UN member states.

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    Montreal Protocol

    International treaty to eliminate substances depleting the ozone layer.

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    European Union (EU)

    Economic and political union of member states promoting integration.

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    NATO

    Military alliance formed for mutual defense against aggressor states.

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    NAFTA

    Trade agreement between the US, Mexico, and Canada.

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    Patenting

    A legal protection granting exclusive rights to inventors.

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    TNC

    Transnational Corporation operating in multiple countries.

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    Sovereignty Dispute

    Conflict over territorial claims by different nations.

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    Crimea Annexation

    Russia's takeover of Crimea, escalating tensions with the West.

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    Neo-colonialism

    Influence of superpowers over developing nations without direct control.

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    Brain Drain

    Migration of educated individuals from developing to developed countries.

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    Economic Centre of Gravity

    Shift of global economic influence from West to East.

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    Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

    Investment made by a firm in one country in business interests in another.

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    Middle East Alliance

    Coalitions formed between Western countries and Israel versus Iran, Syria, Russia, China.

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    Refugee Crisis

    Mass displacement of people due to conflict or persecution.

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    Oil and Gas Conflict

    Tensions arising from control over valuable energy resources.

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    Youth Unemployment

    High unemployment rates among younger populations.

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    EU Ageing Population

    Increasing elderly population within the EU, impacting society.

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    Tensions in the EU

    Conflicts between countries concerning the depth of integration.

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    Marshall Plan

    A US program providing aid to European nations post-WWII to rebuild economies.

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    Space Race

    Competition between the USA and USSR to achieve significant space exploration milestones.

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    Proxy Wars

    Conflicts where opposing powers support rival factions instead of direct fighting.

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    Cold War

    A period of tension between the USA and USSR without direct large-scale conflict.

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    BRICS

    An acronym for Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, representing major emerging economies.

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    G20

    Group of 20 major economies that represent 85% of the global GDP.

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    State Capitalism

    An economic system where the state owns and manages the means of production.

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    Economic Colonialism

    Historical dominance of developed nations over developing economies for resources.

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    Yuri Gagarin

    First human to travel into space, representing USSR's early feat in the Space Race.

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    Apollo 11

    NASA mission that successfully landed the first humans on the moon in 1969.

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    Vietnam War

    Conflict where the USA fought against North Vietnam supported by USSR and China.

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    China's One Child Policy

    Former population control policy in China limiting families to one child.

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    Brazil's Economy

    The 9th largest globally, heavily dependent on natural resources, mainly oil and gas.

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    India's Military Role

    India has nuclear weapons but plays a limited role in global military conflicts.

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    China's Infrastructure

    China has invested in modern infrastructure, yet struggles with frequent power cuts.

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    Unipolar World

    A global structure where one country has dominance over others, like the USA today.

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    Bipolar World

    A global system with two main superpowers opposing each other, such as the USA and USSR during the Cold War.

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    Multipolar World

    A global environment where power is distributed among multiple nations or superpowers.

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    British Empire

    Historically, it controlled a quarter of the world’s land and population at its peak.

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    Colonialism Successes

    Notable positive impacts such as infrastructure improvements and education systems in colonies.

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    Frank's Dependency Model

    A concept explaining how neo-colonies become dependent on powerful nations.

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    Bipolar Cold War

    Period of geopolitical tension from 1945 to 1990 between the USA and USSR.

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    Capitalism

    An economic system based on private ownership where market forces dictate wages and goods.

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    Communism

    An economic system where the government owns all means of production and controls wages.

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    Iron Curtain

    The boundary separating Eastern Communist countries from Western nations during the Cold War.

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    Warsaw Pact

    A military alliance of Soviet-aligned Eastern Bloc countries during the Cold War.

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    Colonial Era Impacts

    The mixed effects of colonialism, including economic exploitation and social structures.

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    Emerging Economies

    Nations experiencing rapid growth and increased consumption of resources.

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    Study Notes

    Superpower Theory

    • A superpower is a nation projecting global influence, often driving change and having a significant impact on decision-making.

    • Four pillars of superpower status:

      • Economic: Large economies control trade, fund militaries, exploit resources, and may hold other nations' debt.
      • Military: Hard power (threats, invasions) and soft power (UN peacekeeping) are used to achieve geopolitical goals.
      • Political & Ideology: Influence other nations' policies and political systems.
      • Cultural: Shapes other populations' thinking and aligns ideologies through culture (e.g., social media, films).

    • Resources: Physical resources (like oil) boost economies and exert power; human resources are essential for economic development.

    • Current superpowers: USA and EU are considered the dominant powers today.

    Power Spectrum

    • The Power Spectrum describes different approaches a country uses to exert its influence.
    • Hard power: Using direct intervention (military action, sanctions).
    • Soft power: Attracting nations via culture, political influence, and foreign policies.

    Mackinder's Geo-Strategic Location Theory

    • Mackinder's Heartland theory identifies Eurasia (Russia to China) as a geo-strategically important region.
    • Control of the Heartland grants significant influence over resources.
    • The theory has influenced containment strategies, like limiting Germany and USSR expansions.
    • Technological advancements reduced the Heartland's significance as resources and armies can now easily move globally. This changed the center of global power.

    Wallerstein's World Systems Theory

    • Identifies core (economic powerhouse) and periphery (suppliers of labor and materials) regions of the world.
    • Historical relationships were exploitative, now often center around trade agreements that favor core regions.

    Rostow's Modernisation Theory

    • Describes five stages of economic growth:
      • Traditional Society: Primarily primary industry (agriculture).
      • Pre-conditions for Take-Off: Infrastructure development, increased trade.
      • Take-Off: Rapid industrialization, job creation and potential environmental damage.
      • Drive to Maturity: Expanding industries, investment in services, improving living conditions.
      • High Mass Consumption: Developed capitalist societies with consumer-driven economies.
    • Rostow's theory relates to the Clarke-Fisher model, showing economic sector shifts during modernization.
    • Criticism of Rostow's theory: Largely focused on Western development and overlooks non-conformist paths (e.g., sustainable development). Also fails to account for resource-rich nations skipping stages.

    Superpower Patterns over Time

    • Types of Polarity: Unipolar (single dominant power), bipolar (two dominant powers), multipolar (several competing powers).
    • Colonial Era (British Empire): Utilized hard power to dominate the world; involved colonization, trade, and cultural influence.
    • Negative impacts of colonialism: Unequal trade practices, lack of native governments leading to instability, and discriminatory policies.
    • 20th-century empire collapses: Bankruptcies after wars, focus on rebuilding home countries, and growing anti-colonial movements.

    Neo-Colonialism

    • Continued economic and political dependence of former colonies.
    • Exploitative relationships between developed and developing nations (e.g., exploiting natural resources through trade agreements).
    • Frank's Dependency Model: Explains the cycle of neo-colonialism.

    Bipolar World - The Cold War

    • US and USSR were dominant powers competing for global influence during the Cold War (1945-1990).
    • Different ideologies and economic systems (capitalism vs. communism).
    • Proxy wars (e.g., Vietnam, Korea) and the Space Race were examples of conflict.
    • Collapse of the USSR led to global dominance shifting back to the US.

    Modern Day & Future Power

    • BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China & South Africa) are emerging powers, alongside the G20.
    • Challenges of emerging powers: Economic weaknesses, population issues, limited cultural or political influence.

    Alternative Superpowers - IGOs & TNCs

    • IGOs (like the WTO, World Bank, and IMF) and TNCs (Transnational Corporations) can possess power exceeding that of some countries.
    • World Bank & IMF: Criticized for neo-colonial practices (e.g., SAPs - Stabilization and Adjustment Programs).
    • WTO: Criticized for favoring developed nations.
    • WEF (World Economic Forum): Promotes public-private cooperation; criticized for limited representation of smaller countries.
    • TNCs: Large companies hold significant economic and cultural influence, often dominating innovation and ownership.
    • TNCs' roles have changed: Economies of scale and access to capital allow major companies to reduce costs and out-compete smaller players.

    UN Security Council

    • Powerful IGO with 5 permanent members (USA, UK, France, China, Russia) and rotating members.
    • Can apply sanctions, authorize military force, and support peacekeeping efforts.
    • Decisions are often hindered by veto powers and differences between member states.

    International Court of Justice

    • Settles disputes between nations, aiming for geopolitical stability.
    • Consists of 15 judges representing different parts of the world.

    UN Climate Change Conferences

    • Key conferences like the Montreal, Kyoto, and Paris Agreements aim for emission reduction and environmental protection.
    • Climate change agreements increasingly face challenges due to differing national priorities.

    Government Alliances & Cooperation

    • Types of alliances: Military, economic, and environmental.
    • NATO: Military alliance during the Cold War focusing on mutual defense; faced tension recently over events in Eastern Europe.
    • ANZUS Treaty: Security pact between Australia, New Zealand and the US.
    • EU: Promotes free trade and movement; faces internal tensions.
    • ASEAN: Regional cooperation group among Southeast Asian nations.
    • NAFTA: Free trade agreement between Mexico, Canada and the US – criticized for negative job effects in some countries.

    Global Environmental Concerns

    • Increased consumption in emerging and developing nations fuels resource scarcity and environmental problems.
    • Challenges include rising emissions, deforestation, and reduced air quality.

    The Growing Middle Class

    • Expected population rise in the middle class in emerging countries will increase demand for resources (food, water, energy).
    • This will strain global resources and increase competition and tension between nations.
    • This will worsen food prices for poorest nations and also worsen many resources like water and energy

    Reducing Emissions

    • Developed countries' emissions have reduced while developing ones increase. Critics dispute their efforts and the rationale behind it.

    Spheres of Contest

    • Land ownership: Territorial disputes arise over resources, geopolitical importance, and strategic locations.
    • Intellectual property: Contests over patented innovations, due to increasing competition and counterfeiting, with conflicts over costs for medical research and development.
    • Arctic oil and gas: Sovereignty disputes over resources.
    • Russia's Western border: Complicated relations between Russia and its neighbors in Eastern Europe, the EU, and the USA following the annexation of Crimea.
    • Developing Countries: Superpowers often accused of unfair relationships including neo-colonialism, unfair trade terms and brain drain.

    Centre of Economic Gravity

    • Shift from the West to the East. Asia becoming more powerful, with increased FDI from Asian states.

    Conflict in the Middle East

    • Reasons for conflict: religion, oil and gas, historical borders. Many issues like US led invasions, refugee crises and tensions continue to plague the Middle East.

    Uncertainty for Existing Superpowers

    • Challenges for the EU and USA include economic debt, aging populations, and internal political conflicts.
    • Also the issues of resource security, water insecurity and national debts.
    • Additional concerns include future demonstrations of power: nuclear weapons, space exploration, and intelligence services.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on global issues relating to patents, geopolitical tensions, and economic relationships. This quiz covers significant case studies like the Samsung vs. Apple patent dispute and examines the implications of foreign direct investment in developing nations. Challenge yourself with questions about current events and historical contexts that shape our world today.

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