Global Inequality Overview
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Global Inequality Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is a major factor contributing to the agricultural productivity difference between the United States and Ethiopia?

  • Technological advancement (correct)
  • Weather patterns
  • Soil fertility
  • Population density

    • Which type of equipment is most likely used by American farmers to enhance their agricultural output?

  • Combine harvesters (correct)
  • Wooden ploughs
  • Hand tools
  • Sickle

    • How much higher was agricultural productivity per worker in the United States compared to Brazil in 2018?

  • 22 times higher
  • 90 times higher
  • 6 times higher (correct)
  • 47 times higher

    • What does the law of diminishing marginal productivity suggest about adding more physical capital?

    <p>Its impact may decrease with each additional unit added.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does education play in agricultural productivity disparities between regions?

    <p>Better education leads to more effective farming techniques.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which crop illustrates the productivity differences discussed in the content?

    <p>Wheat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one method American farmers use that is less common among farmers in developing countries?

    <p>Genetically modified seeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do advanced fertilizers provide to farmers in developed countries?

    <p>Improved plant growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant factor that limited investment in human capital in non-industrial nations?

    <p>Absence of significant demand for educated workers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did globalization and colonization affect the wealth of nations according to the content?

    <p>They contributed to divergence in wealth between nations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In industrial nations, gains from trade were primarily directed towards which of the following?

    <p>Investment in education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the trend of industrialisation per capita in the United Kingdom between 1750 and 1913?

    <p>It rose significantly, particularly in the late 1700s and early 1800s.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the impact of international trade on the education levels in developed and less developed economies?

    <p>It generated opposing effects on education levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What change occurred in India's trading relationship with the UK between 1813 and 1850?

    <p>India transformed into a supplier of agricultural goods and raw materials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the general trend of industrialisation in developing economies during the nineteenth century?

    <p>They experienced a decline in per capita industrialisation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributed to the widening technological and education gaps between industrial and non-industrial economies?

    <p>Channeling of trade gains into fertility and population growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the mass exodus of migrants attempting to reach Europe?

    <p>The immense inequality in living standards across world regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what year did more than a million people cross the Mediterranean in search of a better life?

    <p>2015</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What statistic reflects the disparities between developed and least developed nations regarding life expectancy?

    <p>Life expectancy exceeds 80 years in most developed nations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors indicates the well-being of populations in developed nations?

    <p>Access to electricity and internet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been a common sentiment expressed by survivors of migrant boat tragedies?

    <p>They are disappointed about not reaching their destination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a factor contributing to global inequality as mentioned?

    <p>Geographical location</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the income per capita in developed nations compare to that in developing countries?

    <p>It is significantly higher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region experiences a higher rate of infant mortality according to the content?

    <p>Least developed nations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do more homogeneous communities impact the implementation of public investment in irrigation infrastructure?

    <p>They are better positioned to implement regulations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is suggested as a potential benefit of more heterogeneous communities?

    <p>They may generate diverse innovative gardening techniques.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of factors are described as being at the surface level in the differences between nations?

    <p>Proximate factors like technology and education.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT mentioned as an ultimate cause of disparities in wealth among nations?

    <p>Technological advancement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the distinction between proximate and ultimate factors considered critical?

    <p>It aids in understanding the pace of economic development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary effect of trade with the UK on India's economy during the nineteenth century?

    <p>Dependency on manufactured goods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the fertility rate in the UK change from the 1870s to the early twentieth century?

    <p>Declined significantly to nearly 2.5 children per woman</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What trend was observed in school enrollment among the male labor force in England by 1902?

    <p>Increased to nearly 100 percent at age ten</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact did the Industrial Revolution have on the labor force in England?

    <p>Tripled the average years of schooling by the twentieth century</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a contributing factor to the persistence of illiteracy in India into the twentieth century?

    <p>Absence of significant human capital formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the economic outcome of trade for India compared to that of the UK?

    <p>Higher overall fertility rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happened to school attendance rates in India during the twentieth century?

    <p>Faced challenges such as low attendance and high dropout rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did colonial trade patterns affect India's economic structure?

    <p>Enhanced existing patterns of comparative advantage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Global Inequality

    • In the past decade, thousands of migrants from Africa have died attempting to reach Europe by sea.
    • The majority of migrants who attempt to reach Europe by sea do so due to significant disparities in living standards across the world.
    • In 2017, life expectancy in developed nations was over eighty years, while in the least developed nations it was under sixty-two years.
    • In 2017, infant mortality in developed nations was less than five deaths per 1,000 births, while in the least developed nations it was over sixty deaths per 1,000 births.
    • In 2017, nearly all of the population in developed nations had access to electricity, while less than half of the population in the least developed nations did.
    • In 2017, more than 10% of the population in developed nations had internet access, while less than 1% of the population in the least developed nations had internet access.
    • In 2017, undernourishment affected 2.5% of the population in developed nations, while 19.4% of the population in the least developed nations were undernourished.

    Disparate Factors

    • Agricultural labour productivity in the United States in 2018 was 147 times higher than in Ethiopia, 90 times higher than in Uganda, 77 times higher than in Kenya, 46 times higher than in India, 48 times higher than in Bolivia, 22 times higher than in China and 6 times higher than in Brazil.
    • The variation in agricultural productivity is primarily due to the disparity in technology, education, and training of farmers.

    Historical Context

    • In the early 1900s, the level of industrialisation per capita in the UK rose 50% between 1750 and 1800, quadrupled between 1800 and 1860, and nearly doubled between 1860 and 1913.
    • The level of industrialisation per capita in the US increased four-fold between 1750 and 1860 and six-fold between 1860 and 1913.
    • In contrast, developing economies experienced a decline in per capita industrialisation during the nineteenth century.

    The Impact of Trade

    • Between 1813 and 1850, India transitioned from being an exporter of manufactured products to a supplier of agricultural goods and raw materials.
    • The UK was the market for over a third of India’s exports.
    • Trade contributed to a significant increase in demand for skilled labour in the UK, resulting in a three-fold increase in the average years of schooling for the male workforce.
    • The overall fertility rate in the UK dropped from 5 children per woman to 2.5 children per woman.
    • India experienced a decline in its per capita level of industrialisation.
    • The entrenchment of the agricultural sector in India, where education was not essential, contributed to widespread illiteracy, and low attendance and high dropout rates in schools.

    The Deeper Roots

    • More homogeneous communities are better positioned to implement collective decisions and regulations, including investments in public infrastructure like irrigation systems and pest eradication programs.
    • More heterogeneous communities might benefit from the cross-fertilisation of diverse innovative practices.

    Key Takeaway

    • The immense disparities in the wealth of nations are rooted in a chain of factors, including proximate factors like technological and educational differences, and ultimate factors such as culture, geography, and population diversity.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the stark disparities in living standards between developed and developing nations, focusing on key statistics from 2017. It highlights critical issues such as life expectancy, infant mortality, access to electricity and internet, and undernourishment. Test your knowledge on these pressing global inequalities.

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